ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledgement This review was prepared under support from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI grant RP8007-9). 

Handbook of Conducting Polymers, Vol. I and II, Ed. by T. Skotheim, (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986). 

Termonia and P. Smith, in The Path to High Modulus Polymers with Stiff and Flexible Chains , edited by A.E. Zachariades and R.S. Porter (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988) p. 321. 

Shi and F. WudI, In Conjugated Polymeric Materials Opportunities in Electronics, Optoelectronics and Molecular Electronics , Ed. by J.L. Bredas and R.R. Chance, NATO ASI Series, Series E Applied Sciences - Vol. 82, (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1990), p.83. 

Yoshino, S. Nakajima, M. Fujuii and R. Sugimoto, Polymer Commun. 23, 309 (1987). 

We thank Dr. Richard Hartz of Bristol-Myers Squibb for critical reading of this review. 

Popsavin, L. Torovic, M. Svircev, V. Kojic, G. Bogdanovic, V. Popsavin, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006,16, 2773. 

Mangiaracina, H.A. Coffey, A. Heather, B. Foster, E.A, Knauth, M. Wessel, Bioorg. 

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The work concerning farm-specific health plans and on-farm measures was funded by the European Commission in the framework of the Integrated project QualityLowInputFood (QLIF) and the Naturaplan Fund of the COOP supermarket group (Switzerland). 

Andrews, A.H., (2000), The Health of Dairy Cattle (Veterinary Health Series), 1st Edition. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 359 pp. 

Bamouin, J., Bord, S., Bazin, S. and Chassagne, M., (2005), Dairy management practices associated with incidence rate of clinical mastitis in low somatic cell score herds in France . Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 3700-3709. 

Bartlett, P.C., Miller, G.Y., Anderson, C.R. and Kirk, J.H. (1990), Milk production and somatic cell count in Michigan dairy herds . Journal of Dairy Science, Oct, 2794-2800. 

Butler, G., Nielsen, J.H., Slots, T., Sanderson, R.A., Eyre, M.D. and Leifert, C. (2007a), Effect of low input dairy management systems on milk composition - I. Fatty acid profiles . Journal of Dairy Science, submitted. 

This research was part of the frame programme Antioxidative Defence Interaction between Nutritive and Non-nutritive Antioxidants sponsored by the F0TEK programme (Danish Research Councils) through LMC-Centre for Advanced Food Studies. 

ANDERSEN M L and SKIBSTED L H (2001) Modification of the levels of polyphenols in wort and beer by addition of hexamethylenetetramine of sulfite during mashing, J Agric Food Chem, 49, 5232-7. 

ANDERSEN M L and SKIBSTED L H (2002) Detection of early events in lipid oxidation by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, 104, 65-8. 

ANDERSEN M L, ouTTRUP H and SKIBSTED L H (2000) Potential antioxidants in beer assessed by ESR spin trapping, J Agric Food Chem, 48, 3106-11. 

ARMSTRONG D, Ed. (1998) Free radical and antioxidant protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, 108, Totowa, NJ, Humana Press. 

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the financial support provided JEM by the National Science Foundation through Grant DMR-0314760 (Polymers Program, Division of Materials Research). 

Ignatz-Hoover and B.H. To, Vulcanization. In B. Rodgers (Ed.), Rubber Compounding Chemistry and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004, p. 505. 

Vulcanization. In J.E. Mark and B. Erman (Eds.), Science and Technology of Rubber, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005. 

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Mark and B. Erman, Rubberlike Elasticity A Molecular Primer, Wiley-Intersdence, New York, 1988. 

The author wishes to thank Mr Tanvir A. Butt, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University for his secretarial assistance in preparing this profile. 

Frohning and C. W. Kohlpaintner, in Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with OrganometaUic Compounds, ed. W. A. Herrmann, VCH, Weinheim, 1996. 

Lehrstuhlfur Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Universitat Erlangen Egerlandstrafie 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany e-mail wasserscheid crt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de 

As far as own work has been cited, I thank the Deutsche Forschungsgeme-inschaft, Bonn, and the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, Frankfurt, for support. I am also grateful to my co-workers Makram Ben Hamida and Annika Arndt for technical assistance. 

Champarnaud-Mesjard, S. Blanchadin, P. Thomas, A. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Mejean and B. Frit, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2000, 61, 1499. 

Hubkova, J. Loub and V. Synecek, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 1966, 31, 4353. 

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Bourre-Maladiere, Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., 1958, 246, 1063. 

We thank the National Science Foundation for support of our zeolite photochemistry. 

Ramamurthy, V. (1991). Photochemistry in Organized and Constrained Media. VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, NY 

and Sullivan, K.A. (1999). Organic transformations using zeolites and zeotype materials. Tetrahedron 55(44), 12657-12698 

Csicsery, S.M. (1986). Catalysis by shape selective zeolites - science and technology. Pure Appl. Chem. 58, 841-856 

Csicsery, S.M. (1984). Shape-selective catalysis in zeolites. Zeolites 4, 202-213 

The authors would like to thank Dr. Le Duong for helpful comments in the preparation of this manuscript. 

This work was supported by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschajt. Professor J. Passmore (UNB, Canada) is thanked for helpful comments and Professor M. Ruck (TU Dresden, Germany) is gratefully acknowledged for making papers available to the author prior to publication. 

4 This discrepancy may be ascribed to the differing electronic situation of both groups in that the chalcogens bear an additional occupied p-type lone pair orbital, which can be used to delocalize the positive charge over all atoms. A similar stabilization is impossible for the group 15 cations and may account for their rare occurrence as compounds in the bottle. 

6 All values, except those indicated, were taken from the Standard Reference Database (release 69, July 2001) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) at www.webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/. If no generally recommended value was suggested, a range of the most reliable values is given in Table 2.6-1. 

14 However, matrix isolation studies on tetrahedral Bi4 are available V. E. Bondybey, J. H. English,/. Chem. Phys., 1980, 73, 42. 

P4 + 6P2H4 - 4P(PH2)3. If P4 were to be totally unstrained, the reaction enthalpy for this process would be zero, since the number and type of P-P and P-H bonds is kept constant (bond additivity model [21]). 

This work was performed under the management of the Research Association for Basic Polymer Technology as part of the R D Program of Basic Polymer Technology for Future Industries, sponsored by the NEDO. 

Liquid crystalline polymers, in Plastics Age Encyclopedia, Plastics Age Company Ltd, Osaka, Japan, Ch. IV-4, pp. 176-182. 

and Okita, S in Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, Salamone, J. C. (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, pp. 3706. 

Thermotrophic liquid crystalline polyacrylates, in Progress in Pacific Polymer Science, Imanishi, Y. (Ed.), Spring-Verlag, Berline, 1992, Vol. 2, pp. 261-272. 

(a) Inoue, T., Yamanaka, T Tabata, N. and Okita, S High Perform. Polym., 7, 303 (1995) (b) Inoue, T., Yamanaka, T Tabata, N. and Okita, S . /. Federation Asian Profess. Textile Assoc., 3, 2 (1996). 

The author trusts that he has transmitted the intellectual insight and tireless energy of those co-workers who have been associated with him in this undertaking. Their names can be found in the references. Financial support has been provided by the National Science Foundation, Hoechst Marion Roussel, and the Paquette Research Fund. 

2 Hydrogen bonding capability Berthelot, M. Bbsseau, F. Laurence, C. Ear. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 925 and relevant references therein. 

3 Gas-phase proton affinity. Bordeje, M. C. Mo, 0. Yanez, M. Herreros, M Abboud, J. 

6 Eliel, E, L. Wilen, S. H. Mander, L. N. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, 1994. 

28 Paquette, L. A. (review) in Recent Research Developments in Chemical Sciences, Transworld Research Network, Trivandrum, India, 1977, p. 1. 

Boersma is gratefully thanked for discussions and corrections to the manuscript. 

Gilman, J. M. Stealey, Reel. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1936, 55, 821. 

VAN Koten, A. J. Leusink, J. G. Noltes, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 1971, 7, 227. 

Jastezebski, S. L. James, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry F. W. Abel, F. G. A. Stone, G. Williamson (Fds.), Vol. 3, pp. 57-133, Pergamon, Oxford, 1995, and references cited therein. 

Gambaeotta, C. Floeiani, A. Chise-Villa, C. Guastini,/. Chem. 

Our work was supported by grants of the Austrian Science Fund (projects P-12963-GEN, START Y-158), the osterreichische Nationalhank (project 789), the University of Innsbruck, the Industriellenvereinigung Tirol and the European Commission (contracts F14W-CT96-0019 and FIS 1999-00130). I wish to thank all my students and postgraduate students involved in the work described in this Chapter for their dedication and enthusiasm. 

ScHROCK, in Ring-Opening Polymerization, (ed. D.J. Brunelle), Hanser, Munich, 1993, p. 129. 

Eschbaumer, U.S. Schubert, et al, Macromol Chem. Phys. 2001, 202, 645-653. 

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The authors wish to thank NATO for a Collaborative Linkage Grant. 

Polach, K.J. and Widom, J. (1995) Mechanism of protein access to specific DNA sequences in chromatin a dynamic equilibrium model for gene regulation. J. Mol. Biol. 254, 130-149. 

Anderson, J.D., Thastrom, A., and Widom, J. (2002) Spontaneous access of proteins to buried nucleosomal DNA target sites occurs via a mechanism that is distinct from nucleosome translocation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 7147-7157. 

Tsukiyama, T. (2002) The in vivo functions of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling factors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 422-429. 

Narlikar, G.J., Fan, H.Y., and Kingston, R.E. (2002) Cooperation between complexes that regulate chromatin structure and transcription. Cell 108, 475-487. 

Work in the Hull Laboratory is supported by the Medical Research Council (UK), Yorkshire Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK and World Cancer Research Fund International. 

Fearon and B. Vogelstein, A genetic model for colorectal tumouri-genesis, Cell, 1990, 61, 759. 

Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features, Histopathology, 2007, 50, 113. 

Arnold, A. Goel, H. E. Blum and C. R. Boland, Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Cancer, 2005, 104, 2035. 

Hurlstone and S. S. Cross, Role of aberrant crypt foci detected using high-magnification-chromoscopic colonoscopy in human colorectal carcinogenesis, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol, 2005, 20, 173. 

The authors thank Rhodia Consumer Specialities Limited for generous funding of this project. 

Jacobsen, E. N., Pfaltz, A. and Yamamoto, H. (Eds) Comprehensive Asymmetric Catalysis. Springer Berlin, 1999. 

Roberts, S. M., Xiao, J., Whittall, J. and Pickett, T. E. (Eds) in Catalysts for Fine Chemical Synthesis 3 Metal Catalysed Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions. John Wiley Sons, Ltd Chichester, 2004, 230-237. 

The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation is thanked for their financial support. 

Hillman, D. and Gibbs, D., Century Makers, Rigel Publications, London, 1998, p. 120. 

Metaxas, A.C. and Meredith, R.J., Industrial Microwave Heating, Peter Perigrinis, London, 1983. 

Kingston, H.M. and Haswell, S.J., Microwave Enhanced Chemistryy American Chemical Society, Washington, 

Sutton, W.H., Microwave processing of materials, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull, 1989, 68, 1601. 

Burnelle, M. A. A. Clyne, F. Kaufman and J. C. Polanyi have provided us with the results of their researches prior to publication. F. Kaufman and H. I. Schiff have aided with comments on parts of this paper. F. R. Gilmore, M. A. A. Clyne, E. A. Ogryzlo and B. A. Thrush have kindly provided figures. Professor Polanyi, the Chemical Kinetics Information Center (NBS), the Micro-wave Spectra Data Center (NBS) and the Diatomic Molecule Spectra and Energy Level Center (NBS) have supplied us with an abundance of reference material. The organization of the bibliography, tabular material and the typescript has been done by Mrs. M. C. Peter. To all of these we express our appreciation. 

Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, 2nd Ed., Vol. I, Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand, New York, 1950. 

Laidler, The Chemical Kinetics of Excited States, Oxford University Press, 1955. 

Trotman-Dickenson, Tables of Bimolecular Gas Reactions (National Standard Reference Data Series-National Bureau of Standards, No. 9, Washington D.C., 1967, pp. 28-37). This reference summarizes the available kinetic information. 

Finally the authors of this introduction, in their editorial role, would like to acknowledge the patience, dedication and co-operation of the company of distinguished authors who have made this book possible. 

Comelis, R. et al. (1999) Introduction to the EU-network on trace element speciation preparing for the 21st century. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 363, 435-438. 

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The authors acknowledge the support of this British-Chinese joint research project provided by the British Royal Society and China National Natural Science foundation. 

I express my gratitude to Luc Brunsveld, Alberto Ciferri, Pim Janssen, Pascal Jonkheijm, Jeroen van Gestel, Willem Kegel, Tom McLeish, Bert Meijer, Albert Schenning, Rint Sijbesma, Maarten Smulders, Joachim Wittmer, and Roya Zandi for illuminating discussions on the subject of supramolecular polymers. 

Aggeli, A., Nyrkova, I.A., Bell, M., Harding, R., Carrick, L., McLeish, T.C.M., Semenov, A.N., and Boden, N. Hierarchical self-assembly of chiral rod-like molecules as a model for peptide-sheet tapes, ribbons, bris and bers . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98,11857-11862 (2001). Attri, A.K., Lewis, M.S., and Korn, E.D. The formation of actin oligomers studied by analytical ultracentrifugation . ]. Biol. Chem. 266, 6815-6824 (1991). 

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Binder, W.H. Polymeric Ordering by H-bonds. Mimicking Nature by Smart Building Blocks . Monatsh. Chem. 136, 119 (2005). 

The following coworkers in our laboratory should be acknowledged for their cooperation Dr. Wataru Ogihara, Dr. Tomonobu Mizumo, Mr. Yukinobu Fukaya, Miss Junko Kagimoto and Mr. Masahiro Tamada. Especially, the author would like to thank Dr. Wataru Ogihara for his considerable contribution to the preparation of this chapter. 

8 (a) Janz, G.J. (1967) Molten Salts Handbook, Academic Press, New York and London (b) Evans, H.T., Jr (1994) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th edn, D.R. Ude (Editor-in-chief), CRC Press, Boston, Section 3 and Section 4. 

10 Carda-Broch, S., Berthod, A., and Armstrong, A.W. (2003) Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 375,191-199. 

34 Zhou, Z., Matsumoto, H., andTastumi, K. (2005) Chem. Phys. Chem., 6,1324-1332. 

(Molten Salts XIII), 1057 (b) Matsumoto, H., Kageyama, H., and Miyazaki, Y. (2002) Chem. Comrnun., 1726-1727. 

The author would like to thank Erdogan Ergican for the creation of the figures. 

Porter, M.R. (1994) Handbook of Surfactants, 2nd edn. Chapman Hall, London. 

(2004) Surfactant and Interfacial Phenomena, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York. 

Domingo, X. (1995) A Guide to the Surfactant World. Edicions Proa, Barcelona. 

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I acknowledge, with much appreciation, the careful and critical review of this manuscript by my former mentor, Dr. R.L. Lee Baldwin. His comments and additions, especially for the flow of carbon in intermediary metabolism, the generation of reducing equivalents and the regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, are invaluable contributions to the authority and completeness of this chapter. 

AbuGhazaleh, A.A., Schingoethe, D.J., Hippen, A.R., Kalscheur, K.F., Whitlock, L.A. 2002. Fatty acid profiles of milk and rumen digesta from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans or their blend. 1. Dairy Sci. 85, 2266-2276. 

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The mechanisms of action of luteinizing hormone. I. Luteinizing hormone-receptor 

It is the purpose of this review to discuss some of the advances made in our understanding of the above actions of LH. Although both the ovary and the testis will be dealt with, more emphasis will be placed on the latter. Detailed aspects in relation to the action of FSH on the ovary are discussed in Chapter 9. For other recent reviews on the testis and the ovary the reader is referred to Refs. 1-6. 

We would like to express our sincere thanks to the National Natural 

Ajayan, L.S. Schadler, and P. V. Braun, Nanocomposite Science and Technology, WILEY-VCH, 2003. 

Knauert, J.F. Douglas, and F.W. Starr, Journal of Polymer Science, Part B Polymer Physics, Vol. 45, p. 1882, 2007. 

Peeterbroeck, M. Alexandre, J.B. Nagy, C. Pirlot, A. Fonseca, N. Moreau, G. Philippin, J. Delhalle, Z. Mekhalif, R. Sporken, G. Beyer, and P. Dubois, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 64, p. 2317,2004. 

The author is grateful to Dr. P.L. Bounds and Dr. D. Bartlett for critical comments during the preparation of this manuscript. Supported by grants from The Council for Tobacco Research - USA, Inc. and by the National Institutes of Health (GM48829). 

Centre de Recherche BIOXYTECH, Z.A. des petits carreaux, 2 avenue des coquelicots, 94385 Bonneuil-sur-Marne Cedex, France 

BCNU 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1 - HMP shunt hexose monophosphate shunt 

EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing 8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine 

EPR electron paramagnetic resonance PHGPx phospholipid-hydroperoxide 

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, USA 

To some extent this has indeed happened. Results so far suggest that bacteriorhodopsin functions in an unexpectedly simple way while incorporating all of what one would expect from an effective energy-transducing system proton transfer across the internal hydrophobic barrier generates a proton-motive force independent of external proton concentration it is essentially irreversible and resists proton back-pressure yet proceeds with minimal thermal losses. The mechanism of chloride transport in halorhodopsin is not yet as clear, but there is reason to believe there is a far-reaching analogy between this system and bacteriorhodopsin. 

This review will descrihe recent advances, as well as current views and controversies, rather than give an exhaustive account of the vast literature of the bacterial rhodopsins. For the latter, and for aspects not covered here, the reader should consult the numerous earlier and more specialized reviews [1-7]. 

SIGTLVGVDALMIVTGLVGALS HTPL TIGTLIGVDALMIVTGLIGALS KTPL TILALVGADGIMIGTGLVGALT KVYS SLFTVIAADIGMCVTGLAAAMT TSALL KLFTAITFDIAMCVTGLAAALT TSSHL helix D 

AR-1 ARYTWWLFSTICMIWLYFLATSLR AR-2 ARYTWWLFSIIAFLFVLYYLLTSLR BR YRFVWWAISTAAMLYILYVLFFGFT HR FRWAFYAISCAFFWVLSALVTDWA PHR MRWFWYAISCACFLWLYILLVEWA helix  

The author is grateful to Ms. Pam Burgess for expert word processing, and to Mr. Daniel Weng for help in drawing figures. 

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Albert DH, MagocTJ, Tapang P, Luo G, Morgan DW, Curtin M, Sheppard GS, Xu L, Heyman HR, Davidsen SK, Summers JB, Carter GW. Pharmacology of ABT-491, a highly potent platelet-activating factw recq tor antagmisL Eur J Pharmacol 1997 325 69-80 

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Avdonin PV, Cheglakov IB, Boogry EM, Svitiiut-Ulitina IV, Mazaev AV, Tkaduik VA. Evidence for the recqitor-operated calcium channels in human platdet plasma membrane. Thromb Res 1987 46 29-37 

The authors would like to express their genuine appreciation to Dr. E. M. Lown for her valuable assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. 

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We thank Prof. E. Lukevics and Dr V. Gevorgyan, Riga, for providing compound 1. Part of this work was supported by the Alexander-von-Humboldt Stiftung (E.K.), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (B.W.), Volks-wagen-Stiftung (B.W.) and the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (B.W.). 

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The Research Council of Norway and the Statoil Vista Program are thanked for financial support. 

Kjelstrup and D. Bedeaux, Elements of Irreversible Thermodynamics for Engineers, International Centre of Thermodynamics, ITU, Istanbul, Turkey, 2001. 

Demirel, Nonequilibriwn Thermodynamics. Transport and Rate Processes in Physical and Biological Systems, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2002. 

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The Chemi ry of Nanomaterials Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Volume 2. Edited by C. N. R. Rao, A. Muller, A. K. Cheetham 

Copyright 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 3-527-30686-2 

This chapter has been condensed from a report of R D project PS-063, funded by the UK Environment Agency. 

Aceves, M.B., Grace, C., Ansorena, J., Dendooven, L. and Brookes, P.C. (1999) Soil microbial biomass and organic C in a gradient of zinc concentrations in soils around a mine spoil tip. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 31, 867-876. 

Achazi, R.K., Flenner, C., Livingstone, D.R., Peters, L.D., Schaub, K. and Scheiwe, E. (1998) Cytochrome P450 and dependent activities in unexposed and PAH-exposed terrestrial annelids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 121, 339-350. 

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Atienzar, F.A., Conradi, M., Evenden, A.J., Jha, A.N. and Depledge, M.H. (1999) Qualitative assessment of genotoxicity using random amplified polymorphic DNA comparison of genomic template stability with key fitness parameters in Daphnia magna exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18, 2275-2282. 

This work was supported by the U. S. DOE/OS/BES under Contract No. DE-AC-02-06CH11357. 

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The continuous and generous support from Hans-Fischer-Gesellschaft, Munich, is gratefully acknowledged. 

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The authors wish to thank Prof. E. Kirowa-Eisner for her assistance in calculating the distribution of species shown in the relevant figures. 

Budesinsky, U. Ragnarsson, L. Lankiewicz, L. Grehn, J.Slaninova, J. Hlavacek, 

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19 EDA is friction-sensitive, starts self-heating at 80 °C, and its decomposition energy has been measured to be about 114 kj/mol (about 5 times above our safety limit). 

The authors especially thank W. Guba, K.H. Baringhaus, C. Giegerich, S. Henke, C.Turpin, R. Vaz, E. Chan (Hoechst Marion Roussel),T. Potter (Bayer AG), H. Briem (Boehrin-ger Ingelheim KG), B. Wendt, R.D. Cramer, D.E. Patterson, R.D. Clark, D. Lassen (Tripos) and J.S. Dixon (Metaphorics Inc.) for helpful discussions and collaborations on various issues of molecular similarity and diversity, library design and descriptor validation. 

Rodney Turner, Sylvia Sterrer, Karl-Heinz Wiesmiiller and Franz-Josef Meyer-Aimes 

Thomas Sottmann wishes to thank Prof. Strey for his continuous financial and professional support. His thoughts and suggestions have been of great value. During the last 20 years of joint research and deep discussion a close friendship has evolved. 

The author is pleased to acknowledge support from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S.A., throu Grant HL-07878. 

This review constitutes Paper LXXV in the series on Bile Acids from Saint Louis University. 

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Financial support from the National Institute of Healfh (GM57513 and GM48807) is greatly appreciated. 

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The work of Dmitry Ivanov has been supported by InterCom project 304062, funded by Marie Curie Career Integration Grant of European Commission (FP7). 

The support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China with Grants 21190040 and 21105094, 973 Projects 2009CB930100 and 2010CB933600 are acknowledged. 

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The authors are grateful for the support of the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 50773095), Sino-Hungarian Scientific and Technological Cooperation Project (Grant 2009DFA52660) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong, China 

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The shape memory effect was first discovered at the end of the 1940s in a gold-cadmium alloy. Since this extraordinary effect was recognized in the early 1950s as being caused by a martensitic transformation, new and improved shape memory alloys have been found. As prices for shape memory alloys are dropping, more and more commercial apphcations ranging from aviation to medicine - make use of the functional properties of those materials. In this contribution we will focus on the new and innovative field of actuator applications. 

1 am indebted to the National Science Foundation for partial support of this work under grant CHE-0209857. 

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Thanks to Dr. Qing Shen (Texas State University) for editing some of the content in this chapter. 

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The authors would like to thanks to Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia, for providing Research Grant No. RU-lOOl/PTEKIND/811195 and RU-1 1001/ PTEKIND/814133 for completing this review. 

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The research laboratory in Bayreuth was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft, Sonderforschungsbereich 213, D4, and D5. We thank R. Hilgenfeld and J. Nyborg for cooperation on the study of EF-Tu GppNHp structure, M. Daniel for help with preparation of the manuscript, and all co-workers who participated in the work. Their names can be foimd as co-authors in the referred work from our laboratory. 

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This work was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 22107010) on the Innovative Areas Fusion Materials (Area no. 2206) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research for Young Scientist (A, No. 22685022) (YO) from Japan Society of the Promotion of Science. 

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National Research Council of Canada, Canada and G.-L. SONG, General motors 

Key words conversion coating. E-coating, surface treatment. Mg alloys, corrosion. 

One of the main challenges in the use of magnesium (Mg) alloys, particularly for outdoor applications, is their poor corrosion resistance. Magnesium and its alloys are extremely susceptible to galvanic corrosion, which can cause severe localized damage in the metal resulting in decreased mechanical stability and an unattractive appearance. The mechanism of corrosion that occurs on the surface of magnesium and its alloys is shown in Fig. 15.1. 

The author wishes to express gratitude to Dr. Adeleke Badejo, Postdoctoral Fellow at the School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, for proofreading and editing the manuscript of this chapter. 

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The author R. Rai greatly acknowledges the financial support from the Quintin Hogg Foundation of the University of Westminster. 

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Work described in Section 1.6 was supported by the ARC Centre for Green Chemistry. 

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Zhang is grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for his Sofja Kovalevskaja Award, financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Government s ZIP program for investment in the future. 

We gratefully acknowledge the European Community for the financial support in the STREP FUNFLUOS (FUNctionalized FLUOrideS) network (NMP3-CT-2004-505575). 

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One of the authors would like to thank Shruti Pathak and Ishaan Pathak for their moral support during manuscript preparation. 

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Department of Chemistry, Anna University Chennai are gratefully acknowledged, Anna University, Chennai and National Metallurgical Laboratory, Chennai, for their help in carrying out this work. Furthermore, the authors sincerely thank Mrs A. Jaya, former principal of the DKM College for Women, Vellore, for her timely help in the proof correction. 

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The industry is increasingly acknowledging the value of oontractors and service companies in improving their individual core capabilities through alliances, i.e. a joint venture for a particular project or a number of projects. A lead contractor e.g. a drilling company may form alliances with a number of sub contractors to be able to cover a wider spectrum of activities e.g. completions, workovers and well interventions. 

Elastic energy release due to subcritical crack growth is one recognized source of structure-related AE within its acknowledged lunitations, AEBIL provides a viable means of early on-line deteetion and localization of stable crack propagation. 

The financial support of the EU Commission to the in-plant testing and validation work packages, in the frame ofthe BRITE-EURAM Project 6056 "SIMON" is gratefully acknowledged. 

The financial support of the UE Commission to the work presented in this paper, in the frame of the BRFTE-EURAM Project 6056 "SIMON", is gratefully acknowledged. 

The cooperation and support of the ENEL S.p. A. Production Division, that made extensive in-plant monitoring possible, is also gratefully acknowledged. 

Acknowledgments. This study was funded by the Swedish National Flight Research Programme (NFFP) in project NFFP-274. The author would acknowledge the assistance of Bertil Grelsson from CSM Materialteknik AB for performing the ultrasonic measurements. 

Acknowledgements. Helpful conversations with Dr. H.Aben are gratefully acknowledged. 

The development of UTDefect has been sponsored by the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate (SKI) and this is gratefully acknowledged. 

The work described in this paper was undertaken as part of a project funded by the European Community under the Industrial and Materials technologies Programme (Brite/EuRam III). The contributions of other partners in the project, AIB-Vinfotte asbl, Tecnatom SA and SLV Mifrichen GmbH) is gratefully acknowledged. 

The recent evidence of workmanship-related defects to major structures in extreme environments leaves a nagging doubt about weather the real issues behind the problems have really been understood, acknowledged and dealt with at all levels. 

The reports were that water condensed from the vapor phase into 10-100-/im quartz or pyrex capillaries had physical properties distinctly different from those of bulk liquid water. Confirmations came from a variety of laboratories around the world (see the August 1971 issue of Journal of Colloid Interface Science), and it was proposed that a new phase of water had been found many called this water polywater rather than the original Deijaguin term, anomalous water. There were confirming theoretical calculations (see Refs. 121, 122) Eventually, however, it was determined that the micro-amoimts of water that could be isolated from small capillaries was always contaminated by salts and other impurities leached from the walls. The nonexistence of anomalous or poly water as a new, pure phase of water was acknowledged in 1974 by Deijaguin and co-workers [123]. There is a mass of fascinating anecdotal history omitted here for lack of space but told very well by Frank [124]. 

A partial acknowledgment of the influence of higher discrete and continuum states, not included within the wavefunction expansion, is to add, to the tmncated set of basis states, functions of the fomi T p(r)<6p(r) where dip is not an eigenfiinction of the internal Flamiltonian but is chosen so as to represent some appropriate average of bound and continuum states. These pseudostates can provide fiill polarization distortion to die target by incident electrons and allows flux to be transferred from the the open channels included in the tmncated set. 

The general potential LAPW teclmiques are generally acknowledged to represent the state of the art with respect to accuracy in condensed matter electronic-structure calculations (see, for example, [62, 73]). These methods can provide the best possible answer within DFT with regard to energies and wavefiinctions. 

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