In vivo Function

Pectins are found mostly in large flowering plants and are located in both the primary cell wall and the intercellular space called the middle lamella [68], This results in the cell-cell adhesion effect and provides consistency and mechanical resistance to plant tissue. In immature fruits, the most abundant pectic substance is protopectin, very insoluble with a high molecular weight. Pectin together with cellulose and hemicelluloses forms the backbone of the cell wall [50]. 

In monocots and dicots, non-herbaceous pectin constitutes 35% of the primary wall pasture is 2-10% and for woody tissues 5%. Pectin is considered an essential part of the regulation of cell growth [71]. In combination with other components, pectin contributes to the rigidity and elasticity of the cell wall and favors turgor and provides resistance to drought and low temperatures [99]. 

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Cobalt. Cobalt is nutritionally available only as vitamin 2 ( )- Although Co " can function as a replacement in vitro for other divalent cations, in particular Zn ", no in vivo function for inorganic cobalt is known for humans (149). In mminant animals, B22 is synthesi2ed by bacteria in the mmen. 

In addition to their in vivo function, these cofactors have important in vitro functions as co-factors in enzymatic synthesis. Because these co-factors are too expensive to be used in equimolar amounts, many methods have been developed for their regeneration. These include chemical (66), biological (67) and electrochemical (68) methods. En2ymatic regeneration has found particular utihty in this appHcation (69). 

Hurst SD, Muchamuel T, Gorman DM, Gilbert JM, Clifford T, Kwan S, Menon S, Seymour B, Jackson C, Rung TT, Brieland JK, Zurawski SM, Chapman RW, Zurawski G, Coffman RL New IL-17 family members promote Thl or Th2 responses in the lung in vivo function of the novel cytokine IL-25. J Immunol 2002 169 443-453. 

DEMMIG-ADAMS B, GILMORE A M, and ADAMS w w Jr (1996) In vivo function of carotenoids in higher plants , FASEB J, 10, 403-12. 

Li, R., Khaleeli, N. and Townsend, C.A. (2000) Expansion of the clavulanic acid gene cluster identification and in vivo functional analysis of three new genes required for biosynthesis of clavulanic acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus. The Journal of Bacteriology, 182, 4087—4095. 

A cardinal role for IL-4 in host protection against intestinal nematode infection was first shown in the H. polygyrus challenge model. Worm expulsion was delayed following treatment with anti-IL-4 or anti-IL-4 receptor monoclonal antibodies, while control treated animals successfully cleared infection (Urban et al., 1991b). Blockade of the IL-4 receptor effectively prevents the in vivo function of IL-4 and IL-13, as these two cytokines share the IL-4 receptor a-chain for signalling functions (Lin et al, 1995). In... 

Y., Comparative studies on in vitro methods for evaluating in vivo function of MDR1 P-glycoprotein, Pharm. Res. 2001, 38, 1660-1668. 

With regard to capsule transplantation, no ill effect on animal growth or behavior was noted as a result of capsule transplantation. Some capsules were free-floating within the peritoneal cavity and were free of fibrosis on the surface while others were adherent to the peritoneal membrane or to each other. The latter criteria served for further selection and screening of capsule chemistries. Details on the in vivo functioning of encapsulated islets have been presented elsewhere [23]. 

As only the soluble hydrogenase utilized NADH, in vivo assays could be applied to investigate this activity further. Hydrogen-driven MMO activities were measured to obtain information on the in vivo function of this hydrogenase. The apparent Ks for hydrogen was again 0.8 mM in both assays. Maximal rates of MMO activities were 140 nmol min 1... 

Gene-targeted (knockout) mouse models provide one avenue for assessing the in vivo functional significance of particular proteins. A complementary approach is the expression of the protein of interest using transgenic methodology. There... 

In Vivo Function of GABAa Receptor Subtypes Unraveled With Mutant Mice... 

Briggs, M., Gierasch, L., Zlotnick, A., Lear,J., and DeGrado, W. (1985). In vivo function and membrane binding properties are correlated for Escherichia coli LamB signal peptides. Science 228, 1096—1099. 

In biochemistry, an enzyme, hormone or process is often named on the basis of the first experimental results that were obtained, even if die name does not describe die actual in vivo function, which is usually discovered after die naming of the compound or process. 

Tsukiyama, T. (2002) The in vivo functions of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling factors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 422-429. 

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