Lutein esters

Dietary fats, libers, and other carotenoids have been reported to interfere with carotenoid bioaccessibility. It is clear that by their presence in the gut, lipids create an environment in favor of hydrophobic compounds such as carotenoids. When arriving in the small intestinal lumen, dietary fats stimulate bile flow from the gallbladder and therefore enhance the micelle formation, which in turn could facilitate the emulsification of carotenoids into lipid micelles. Without micelle formation, carotenoids are poorly absorbed a minimum of 3 g of fat in meal is necessary for an efficient absorption of carotenoids, except for lutein esters that require higher amounts of fat. ... 

Separation of lutein esters from complex plant extract mixture... 

Isomerization of lutein (esters) into zeaxandiin by base-catalyzed agents... 

Marigold petals are rich sources of xanthophyUs, mainly lutein esters. To increase the coloring power, chemical extraction of the colorant from flower meal is performed or a new enzymatic procedure is applied. It was shown that treatment with cellulases or mixed saprophyte microorganisms or solid state fermentation improved the xanthophyll extraction yield. ... 

Different methods are used in microemulsion formation a low-energy emulsification method by dilution of an oil surfactant mixture with water and dilution of a water-surfactant mixture with oil and mixing all the components together in the final composition. These methods involve the spontaneous formation of microemulsions and the order of ingredient addition may determine the formation of the microemulsion. Such applications have been performed with lutein and lutein esters. ... 

Amar, I., Aserin, A., and Garti, N., Solubilization patterns of lutein and lutein esters in food grade nonionic microemulsions, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 4775, 2003. 

Van Breemen, R.B. et al.. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of carotenoids using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, J. Mass Spectrom., 31, 975, 1996. Tian, Q., Duncan C.J.G., and Schwartz S. J., Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and in-source fragmentation of lutein esters, J. Mass Spectrom., 38, 990, 2003. 

Gregory, G.K. et ah. Quantitative analysis of lutein esters in marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta) by high performance liquid chromatography, J. Food ScL, 51, 1093, 1986. Livingston, A.L., Rapid analysis of xanthophyll and carotene in dried plant materials, J. AOAC, 69, 1017, 1986. 

Nadolski G, Cardounel AJ, Zweier JL, and Lockwood SF. 2006. The synthesis and aqueous superoxide anion scavenging of water-dispersible lutein esters. Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16(4) 775-781. 

Harikumar, K. B., C. V. Nimita et al. (2008). Toxicity profile of lutein and lutein ester isolated from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta). Int. J. Toxicol. 27(1) 1-9. 

Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van het Hof KH, Weststrate JA and Tijburg LB. 2000. Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and vitamin E in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 71 1187-1193. 

Marigold flower extract Zeaxanthin, lutein, lutein ester, their isomers Saponification with KOH, neutralization, extraction with ethyl ether Silica and P-cyclobond C-30 n-Hexane-ethyl acetate MeOH-MTBE HPLC/UV-vis (450 nm) MS/ESI(+) 46... 

Xian, Q. Duncan, C.J.G. Schwartz, S.J. 2003. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and in-source fragmentation of lutein esters. J. Mass Spectrom. 38 990-995. 

Young, J.C. Abdel-Aal, E.S.M. Rabalski, I. Blackwell, B.A. 2007. Identification of synthetic regioisomeric lutein esters and their quantification in a commercial lutein supplement. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55 4965 972. 

Bo-Xan p,c-Carotene-3,3 -diol p,s-Carotene-3,3-diol, (3R,3 R,6 R)- EINECS 204-840-0 Lutein all-trans-Lutein Lutein, ali-trans- Lutein ester Luteine NSC 59193 Vegetable lutein Vegetable luteol Xanthophyll all-trans-(-r)-Xanthophyll Xanthophyll, all-trans-(+)-. The yellow pigment occurring in green vegetafon and some animal products. Yellow or violet prisms mp = 196° [af D = 160° (c = 0.7, CHCI3) Xm = 340, 457, 488 nm (e = 6607, 123027, 112202, CsHs) insoluble in H2O, very soluble in CeHs, EtOH, EtaO,... 

Fig. 115. Layer cellulose, impregnated with paraffin oil solvent acetone-methanol (66 -f 34), saturated with paraffin oil. Application in non-impregnated part 1 lutein diester from the autumn leaves of Aescuhis hippocastanum (horse-chestnut), containing in ascending order lutein dipalmitate, lutein palmitate-linoleate and lutein dilinoleate 2 total extract from the peripheral flower parts of Helianthus annuus (sunflower), containing numerous lutein esters and presumably taraxanthin [38]...

Gao Y, Nagy B, Liu X, Simandi B, Wanga Q (2009) Supercritical CO2 extraction of lutein esters from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) enhanced by ultrasound. J Supercrit Fluids 49 345... 

Other carotenoids such as lycopene from tomato and its industrial waste [65-68] and lutein esters from marigold (Tagetes erecta) petals [69-71] had been extracted with supercritical fluids, achieving better extractiOT yields when modifiers and cosolvents were used as acetone, chloroform, ethanol, and vegetable oils. 

Xangold Lutein esters Healthy vision Cognis Nutrition Health, USA... 

Novel water-dispersible lutein esters (115) and (116) have been prepared and showed potent, direct superoxide scavenging ability in an in vitro isolated human neutrophil assay... 

In the second group of delivery systans, the BLl is incorporated into a thermodynamically stable surfactant self-association structure (e.g., a microanulsion). For example, Amar and co-workers (2003) used microanulsions of different surfactant types to improve the solubilization of lutein and lutein esters, which are otherwise insoluble in water and have limited solubility in food-grade oils. In the final group of delivery systems, the BLl can be dissolved in a lipid carrier and subsequently homogenized to form fine emulsion droplets. This final group is known as emulsion-based delivery systans (EBDS) and is the focus of this chapter. 

In the intestinal lumen (Figure 3) where carotenoids are released from the food matrix, cleavage of carotenoproteins and fatty acid esters by carboxylic ester hydrolase, which is secreted by the pancreas, can occur. Carotenoids are then solubilized into lipid micelles. These hydrophobic compounds are thus more efficiently absorbed when accompanied by at least a small amount of fat. The amount of fat for optimal carotenoid absorption seems to differ among carotenoids. For example, lutein esters require more fat for optimal absorption than j8-carotene. These differences have not been quantified for each carotenoid. In addition, the presence of a nonabsorbable, fat-soluble component was shown to... 

---