Chemistry supramolecular

It seems that the term supramolecular chemistry was first used in 1978 by J. M. Lehn with the statement Just as there is afield of molecular chemistry based on the covalent bond, there is a field of supramolecular chemistry, the chemistry of molecular assemblies and of the intermolecular bond [7]. Today supramolecular chemistry is defined as the chemistry of molecular assemblies and of the intermolecular bond . It is the chemistry beyond the molecule and deals with organized entities of hUiher complexity that result from the association of two or more chemical species held 

This book will deal with supramolecular aspects of organometallic chemistry, but not exclusively with authentic organometallic compounds. Metal-organic derivatives will also be considered occasionally, especially in the discussion of ionic supramolecular aggregates of alkali and alkaline earth metals, e.g. amides. This area will not, however, be comprehensively covered. Thus, supramolecular associations, i.e. self-assembly and self-organization, host-guest chemistry and related aspects of organometallic chemistry will be presented. 

As currently defined, supramolecular chemistry deals with two major aspects  

According to the definition of supramolecular chemistry cited above, the smallest supermolecule can be a dimer at the other extreme we find very large, polymeric 

Supermolecules include host-guest complexes [19], but also molecular species such as large ring systems, catenanes, rotaxanes [20], etc. In highly branched macromolecules, called dendrimers or arboroles [21, 21], the building blocks are connected through covalent bonds, yet they are sometimes described as supermolecules. These will not be covered in this book. 

7 The Three-Dimensional Template Effect, Supramolecular Chemistry and Molecular Topology 

In the past ten years, a new discipline known as supramolecular chemistry has come to the fore. Metal-directed chemistry has proved to be very important in supramolecular chemistry and for the remainder of this chapter we will enter this interesting and novel world. 

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According to these basic concepts, molecular recognition implies complementary lock-and-key type fit between molecules. The lock is the molecular receptor and the key is the substrate that is recognised and selected to give a defined receptor—substrate complex, a coordination compound or a supermolecule. Hence molecular recognition is one of the three main pillars, fixation, coordination, and recognition, that lay foundation of what is now called supramolecular chemistry (8—11). 

F. Viigde, Supramolecular Chemistry -A.n Introduction, ]ohxi Wiley Sons, Inc., Chichester, U.K., 1991. 

V. Bal2ani and De Cola, eds., Supramolecular Chemistry, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1992. 

E. Weber, ed., Supramolecular Chemistry I - Directed Synthesis and Molecular Recognition, Sponger, Bedia-Heidelberg, 1993. 

ORGANIZED LIQUID MEDIA AND PRINCIPLES OF SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS... 

Analytical chemistry having an interdisciplinary character cannot set aside the attractive power and advances of supramolecular chemistry - the chemistry beyond the molecule or the chemistry of molecular assemblies and of intermolecular bonds as defined by Jean-Marie Lehn, who won the Nobel Prize in 1987. Recognition, reactivity, and transport, as well as self-assembly, self-organization and self-replication are the basic functional features of supramolecular species and chemistry. 

Supramolecular chemistry of fullerenes linked or fused with heterocylic fragments 99CSR263. 

Supramolecular chemistry is a central theme not only in chemistry, but in neighboring disciplines as well. The author, who has been awarded the Nobel Prize for his achievements in this area, describes the concepts, lines of development and perspectives of this highly interdisciplinary and burgeoning field of research. 

For former reviews on parts of the topic, see Refs. [10-12]. The subject is increasingly attractive and has now far-reaching applications in organic synthesis and supramolecular chemistry. 

Extended tetrathiafulvalenes with acetylenic cores are interesting compounds because of their redox and chromophoric properties. Such molecules are both interesting from materials and supramolecular chemistry perspectives. A tetraethynylethene-extended tetrathiafulvalene, for instance, was prepared using a microwave-promoted Sonogashira reaction [72]. Coup-... 

Cyclophanes or 7r-spherands have played a central role in the development of supramolecular chemistry forming an important class of organic host molecules for the inclusion of metal ions or organic molecules via n-n interactions. Particular examples are provided by their applications in synthesis [80], in the development of molecular sensors [81], and the development of cavities adequate for molecular reactions with possible applications in catalysis [82]. The classical organic synthesis of cyclophanes can be quite complex [83], so that the preparation of structurally related molecules via coordination or organometallic chemistry might be an interesting alternative. 

See for example (a) Lehn JM (1988) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 27 89 (b) Atwood JL (ed) 1990 Inclusion phenomena and molecular recognition. Plenum, New York (c) Vdgtle F (1991) Supramolecular Chemistry, Wiley, Chichester (d) Schneider HJ, Diirr H (1991) Frontiers in supramolecular chemistry and photochemistry, VCH, New York (e) Lehn JM (1995) Supramolecular chemistry, VCH, New York (f) Lehn JM (ed) (1996) Comprehensive supramolecular chemistry, Pergamon, New York (g) Lent CS (2000) Science 288 1597... 

This is a very new field, but given the current interest in both dendrimer chemistry and supramolecular chemistry, it is one that is likely to receive attention in the future. The prospect of preparing well-defined molecular assemblies, rather than ill-defined clusters, is attractive, and is expected to give access to new properties that can be controlled by the molecular architecture of the assembly. New and useful materials seem likely to emerge as this chemistry grows and is exploited in the years to come. 

Zimmermann SC, Lawless LJ (2001) Supramolecular Chemistry of Dendrimers. 217 95-120 Zwanenburg B, ten Holte P (2001) The Synthetic Potential of Three-Membered Ring Aza-Heterocycles. 216 93-124... 

Sauvage, J. P. and Hosseine, M. W., Eds., Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Volume 9 Templating, Self-Assembly, and Self-Organization, Pergamon, Oxford, 1999. 

MI3 G. W. Gokel, O. F. Schall, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, ed. G. W. Gokel,... 

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