Research basics

It would be desirable that the h-quartz s.s. phase with its excellent thermal expansion characteristics is stable up to high temperatures so that the material may be used in high temperature applications. Unfortunately, this is not the case with compositions that show the most promising property combinations for applications and whose main components lie in the field Li20-Al203-nSi02 with 5 n 7. The h-quartz s.s. crystalline phase is a metastable phase which transforms into the keatite s.s. phase (for explana- 

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In the wide field of applications, a visibility level VL = 3 - 60 is recommended. For our recognition task, we are obliged to take into account that our random conditions are far from the experimental conditions of the basic researches (Young test person with a high visus under ideal environmental conditions) [4]. Furthermore in our case we have a more difficult visual searching task. Parameter variations as the increase of presentation time from 0,2 to 1.0 s. and the detection propability from 50% to 100% are taken into account [5] In spite of the gliding variations of the parameters as well as the visibility level, for simplification let us assume VL = 10 as minimum requirement. 

Examples that use Raman spectroscopy in the quantitative analysis of materials are enonnous. Technology that takes Raman based techniques outside the basic research laboratory has made these spectroscopies also available to industry and engineering. It is not possible here to recite even a small portion of applications. Instead we simply sketch one specific example. 

Light microscopy is of great importance for basic research, analysis in materials science and for the practical control of fabrication steps. Wlien used conventionally it serves to reveal structures of objects which are otherwise mvisible to the eye or magnifying glass, such as micrometre-sized structures of microelectronic devices on silicon wafers. The lateral resolution of the teclmique is detennined by the wavelength of tire light... 

The facilities for experimental work were poor, with inadequate wet laboratory space. In our discussions, I mentioned to Kaprielian my interest in significantly extending my previous work into the area of hydrocarbon chemistry. I felt that by establishing a strong program of basic research and graduate education in hydrocarbon chemistry, USC could become a leader in this important field. Because the memory of the first Arab oil embargo was still fresh, this struck a chord with Kaprielian, who felt that he could sell my research interest to the trustees and establish a Hydrocarbon Research Institute at USC that could accommodate me, as well as other chemistry faculty members whose interests could fit into its framework. 

In their work on the monograph the authors were partially supported by the Russian Fund for Basic Research under grant 97-01-00896 and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. 

Microscopists in every technical field use the microscope to characterize, compare, and identify a wide variety of substances, eg, protozoa, bacteria, vimses, and plant and animal tissue, as well as minerals, building materials, ceramics, metals, abrasives, pigments, foods, dmgs, explosives, fibers, hairs, and even single atoms. In addition, microscopists help to solve production and process problems, control quaUty, and handle trouble-shooting problems and customer complaints. Microscopists also do basic research in instmmentation, new techniques, specimen preparation, and appHcations of microscopy. The areas of appHcation include forensic trace evidence, contamination analysis, art conservation and authentication, and asbestos control, among others. 

The resulting discoveries may provide a broad range of solutions or products. For example, invention may result from basic research and development efforts directed toward products which ate essential to basic commercial efforts. Alternatively, invention may result in products or appHcations which add value to basic commercial products that ate already in existence. Inventions may also be used to assist an individual or company in commercial efforts toward developing a defensive posture in any given marketplace. When patented, appHcations may also provide an extended opportunity to Hcense or market the patent without the actual production of a product by the inventor. 

The need for a pilot plant is a measure of the degree of uncertainty in developing a process from the research stage to a hiU commercial plant. A modification to a weU-known process may go directiy from basic research work to design of a commercial plant using this approach for a brand new process risks a significant failure. Hence, one or more intermediate size units are usually desirable to demonstrate process feasibiUty as well as to determine safe scale-up factors. 

Science Policy. Technology leaders must work to ensure both a long-term national commitment at the federal level to support such basic research (41), and national poHcies that enable the partnering needed to take advantage of it. 

J. A. Aimstiong, "Is Basic Research a Luxuiy " KarlTcylor Compton Tectures, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambiidge, Mass., Oct. 13,... 

Future Trends. Methods of laser cooling and trapping are emerging as of the mid-1990s that have potential new analytical uses. Many of the analytical laser spectroscopies discussed herein were first employed for precise physical measurements in basic research. AppHcations to analytical chemistry occurred as secondary developments from 10 to 15 years later. 

A basic research study on combustion of sulfur led to the postulation that sulfur trioxide may actually be the primary combustion product and that sulfur dioxide may then be produced by the further reaction of sulfur trioxide with sulfur vapor ki the oxygen-deficient region of the flame (261). 

A. W. Norman and co-eds.. Vitamin D Basic Research and its Clinical Application, Proceedings of the Tourth Workshop on Vitamin D, Berlin, Feb. 1979, Walter de Gmyter, Berlin, 1979, p. 173. 

In the United States the Clean Coal Technology program was created to develop and demonstrate the technology needed to use coal in a more environmentally acceptable manner. Activities range from basic research and estabUshing integrated operation of new processes in pilot plants through demonstration with commercial-scale equipment. 

The basic research that led to these products was done at the Northern Regional Research Center of the USD A dimer acids research in the 1940s (1—3), C-21 dicarboxyhc acid work in 1957 (4), and carboxystearic acid synthetic studies (5,6) in the 1970s (see Dicarboxylic acids). 

Office of Basic Research, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Innovation Plaza Fukuoka, 3-8-34, Momochi-hama, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001 Japan, email takagi sentan.jst.go.jp... 

The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Project No 05-03-33178. 

This research is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 04-03-32840), Grant of President of the Russian Federation Scientific School No. 1763.2003.03. 

This work was performed with financial support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No. 04-03-96095), grant Leading scientific schools HILL-1997.2003.3, Ural scientific-education center Perspective materials , supporting by Ministry of education and Civilian Research Development Foundation (grant EK-005-XI), BRHE 2004 (grant Y2-C-05-08). 

The authors are grateful to Russian Foundation of Basic Research for the financial support (Projects 03-03-32923 and 05-03-32976). 

The work was supported by Russian Found of Basic research, project No. 04-03-32946. 

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