Critical review

Recall that drugs possessing basic character ate described by ttieir pKa values for the generic expression 

Isomers are different compounds with the same molecular formula. 

Constitutional isomers are isomers that differ in the order in which atoms arc bonded together. Constitutional isomers are sometimes called structual isomers because they have different connections among their atoms. 

Stereoisomers are isomers that differ only in the orientation of the atoms in space. 

Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. 

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In order to test the economic performance of the project to variations in the base case estimates for the input data, sensitivity analysis is performed. This shows how robust the project is to variations in one or more parameters, and also highlights which of the inputs the project economics is more sensitive to. These inputs can then be addressed more specifically. For example if the project economics is highly sensitive to a delay in first production, then the scheduling should be more critically reviewed. 

P. Meakin, CRC Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Science, Vol. 13, Grand Rapids, MI, 1986, p. 143. 

Accurate enthalpies of solid-solid transitions and solid-liquid transitions (fiision) are usually detennined in an adiabatic heat capacity calorimeter. Measurements of lower precision can be made with a differential scaiming calorimeter (see later). Enthalpies of vaporization are usually detennined by the measurement of the amount of energy required to vaporize a known mass of sample. The various measurement methods have been critically reviewed by Majer and Svoboda [9]. The actual teclmique used depends on the vapour pressure of the material. Methods based on... 

Gilson et al., 1997] Gilson, M., Given, J., Bush, B., and McCammon, J. The statistical-thermodynamic basis for computation of binding affinities A critical review. Biophys. J. 72 (1997) 1047-1069... 

In Chapter 6 we survey what has been accomplished and indicate directions for future research. Furthermore, we critically review the influence of water on Lewis acid - Lewis base interactions. This influence has severe implications for catalysis, in particular when hard Lewis acids and bases are involved. We conclude that claims of Lewis-acid catalysis should be accompanied by evidence for a direct interaction between catalyst and substrate. 

Table 1 Hsts many of acetamide s important physical properties. Acetamide, CH2CONH2, dissolves easily ia water, exhibiting amphoteric behavior. It is slow to hydroly2e unless an acid or base is present. The autodissociation constant is about 3.2 x 10 at 94°C. It combines with acids, eg, HBr, HCl, HNO, to form soHd complexes. The chemistry of metal salts ia acetamide melts has been researched with a view to developing electroplating methods. The hterature of acetamide melts and complexes, their electrochemistry and spectroscopy, has been critically reviewed (9).

G. A. Briggs, "Plume Rise," USAEC Critical Review Series TID-25075, NTIS, Springfield, Va., 1969. 

A. V. Slack and G. M. Blouin, Urea Technology A. Critical Review, Tennessee Ualley Authority Circular Z-4, TVA, Muscle Shoals, Ala., Dec. 14—16,1969. 

A critical review of the toxicity of the haloalkyl phosphates and the potential metaboHc products is available (141). The toxicity of flame retardants used in textiles has also been reviewed (142). 

R. F. Muraca, J. Neff, and J. S. Whittick, Physical Properties ofEiquid Oyygen D fluoride and Eiquid Diborane—M Critical Review, Report No. NASA-CR-88519, SRI-951581-4, Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., July 1967. 

L. Slade and H. Lavine, Bejond Water Mctivity Recent Mdvances Based on an Alternative Approach to the Assessment ofFood Quality and Safety, CRC Critical Reviews in Pood Science and Nutrition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1991, pp. 115—360. 

Beilstein File. Beilstein first went on-line on STN International in December 1988 with information on 350,000 compounds, and several months later it was also on Dialog. Beilstein Online now comprises data on five million compounds. The organic substance records contain the critically reviewed and evaluated documents from the beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemist main volume and supplements 1—5, which cover the chemical Hterature from 1779 through 1979. These evaluated data are indicated as Handbook Data in the notes of Hterature references. The Beilstein Eile also contains organic substance records for unreviewed excerpts from the primary Hterature from 1980 to 1991. 

Batch vs Continuous Reactors. Usually, continuous reactors yield much lower energy use because of increased opportunities for heat interchange. Sometimes the savings are even greater in downstream separation units than in the reaction step itself Especially for batch reactors, any use of refrigeration to remove heat should be critically reviewed. Batch processes often evolve Httle from the laboratory-scale glassware setups where refrigeration is a convenience. 

A critical review (6) of techniques for the evaluation of iasect repellents describes many test methods, including the foUowiag. 

Sta.bilizers. Cyanuric acid is used to stabilize available chlorine derived from chlorine gas, hypochlorites or chloroisocyanurates against decomposition by sunlight. Cyanuric acid and its chlorinated derivatives form a complex ionic and hydrolytic equilibrium system consisting of ten isocyanurate species. The 12 isocyanurate equilibrium constants have been determined by potentiometric and spectrophotometric techniques (30). Other measurements of two of the equilibrium constants important in swimming-pool water report significantly different and/or less precise results than the above study (41—43). A critical review of these measurements is given in Reference 44. 

The vapoi piessuie values have been calculated at the indicated tempeiatuies using the lelationship derived from experimental data at Pennsylvania State University, and a critical review of Hterature references (5). This study is a part of the effort by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) to obtain accurate data through their Design Institute for Physical Property Data (DIPPR). 

L. Fiume, C. Busi, A. MattioH, and G. Spiuosa, CRC Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 4, 265—284 (1988). 

Condensed from Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1967 and 1972. Reproduced by permission. Tbe validity of many standard reference tables bas been critically reviewed by Jancso, Pupezin, and van Hook, J. Fhys. Chem., 74 (1970) 2984. Tbis source is recommended for further study. Tbe notation 4.949.-8, 3.607.-I-9, etc., means 4.949 x 10 , 3.607 x 10, etc. 

Briggs, Plume Rise, AEG Critical Review ser., U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Div. Tech. Inf. 

Some approaches to quality management suggest that companies reduce the total number of suppliers for a service or material to just a few high quality entities. This allows the companies to symbi-otically develop relationships. Both parties can benefit greatly by using a system designed to rank preferred tollers. However, do not let the motivation to reduce the number of suppliers inhibit the critical review of potential tollers capable of performing the toll successfully. 

A critical review of internally protected capacitor units 25/812... 

Rae, W.J., A Critical Review of Impact Theories, Presented at the Highwater Conference on Meteoroid Impact, Highwater, Quebec, Canada, 26 pp., July 14-15, 1966. 

Decker, D.L., Bassett, W.A., Merrill, L., Hall, H.T., and Barnett, J.D., High-Pressure Calibration-Critical Review, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1 (3), 773-835... 

Source From Stem, A. C., Heath, M. S., and Hufschmidt, M. M., A critical review of the role of fiscal policies and taxation in air pollution control. Proceedings of the Third International Clean Air Congress, Verein Deutscher Ingeniuere, Dusseldorf, pp. D-10-12, 1974. 

Tombach, 1., "A Critical Review of Methods for Determining Visual Range in Pristine and Near-Pristine Areas," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, 1978. 

Briggs, G. A., "Plume Rise." United States Atomic Energy Commission Critical Review Series, TlD-25075. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1969,... 

Repeatedly in this book, the important functions of dopants , intentional additives made in small amounts to materials, have been highlighted the use of minor additives to the tungsten used to make lamp filaments is one major example. The role of impurities, both intentional and unintentional, in matters such as phase transformations, mechanical properties and diffusion, was critically reviewed in one of the early seminar volumes published by the American Society for Metals (Marzke 1955). But extreme purity was not considered that came a little later. 

Addadi and Weiner (1999) have concisely and critically reviewed these various strategies and have added their own variant - the use of biological templates, for instance bacterium surfaces to assist self-assembly. Here, self-assembly and biomimetics join forces productively. 

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