Mineralization, bone

Since dietary cereals are low in sulfur-containing amino acids, they produce an alkaline urine which favors the retention of bone minerals. In post-menopausal women, there appears to be some interaction between the diet and the effect produced by estrogens on bone mineral content (28). 

Various estimations indicate that nearly twenty million women in America suffer osteoporotic problems. The physiological changes that take place are certainly forms of aging. In one five-year study where ERT compliance was carefully monitored, the bone mineral density increased regardless of the length of treatment or the patient s age when therapy commenced (69). 

Strontium-89 chloride is a calcium analogue that rapidly clears from the blood and is taken up into bone mineral, particularly in areas of active osteogenesis, as weU as primary bone tumors and metastases. It is used for reHef of bone pain in patients having painful skeleton bone metastases. It is suppHed in an injectable solution. 

Noncollagenous Ca2+-binding proteins bind to bone minerals. They contain stretches of y-glutamic acid residues necessary for Ca2+-binding. 

In bone, three proteins have been described which are vitamin K-dependent, osteocalcin (bone Gla protein), matrix Gla protein (MGP), and protein S. Osteocalcin is synthetized by osteoclasts, regulated by the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol. Its capacity to bind calcium needs a vitamin K-dependent y-carboxylation of three glutamic acid residues. The calcium binding capacity of osteocalcin indicates a possible role in bone mineralization, but its exact function is still unclear. However, it is widely used as a serum marker for bone mineralization. Protein S, mainly a coagulant, is also vitamin-K dependent and synthesized in the liver. Children with... 

Alendronate, etidronate, and risedronate act primarily on the bone by inhibiting normal and abnormal bone resorption. This results in increased bone mineral density, reversing the progression of osteoporosis. 

A number of trace elements were analyzed in food and in bone mineral. Trace element levels in foods varied considerably in some cases between raw and eooked foods. Most notably, iron was absorbed from the cooking pot and from water, particularly in foods such as barley and beef. Strontium values, which are higher in raw vegetables than in uncooked beef, homogenized in the stew such that cooked meat and vegetables, were indistinguishable. 

We proposed to study diet and health by combining bone chemistry and histomorphometry. Diet would be determined by analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in bone protein and some preserved hair. In addition, trace elements would be quantitatively analyzed in preserved bone mineral. Abonyi (1993) participated in the study by reconstructing the diet from historical sources and analyzing various foods. Having analyzed human tissues for stable isotopes and trace elements, and foods for the same variables, we hoped to learn more about 19th century diet in southern Ontario, and at the same time, learn more about paleodiet reconstruction. 

Table 1.4. Trace elemeni daia for human bone mineral samples (ppm).

Betts, F., Blumenthal, N.C. and Posner, A.S. 1981 Bone mineralization. Journu/ of Crystal Growth 53 63-73. 

Simpson, D.R. 1972 Problems of the composition and structure of the bone minerals. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 86 260-286. 

Baud, C.A., Bang, S., Lee, H.S. and Baud, J.P 1968 X-ray studies of strontium incorporation into bone mineral in vivo. Calcified Tissue Research Supplement 2 6. 

There are approximately 200 other proteins present in bone, though most of them are present only in trace amounts (Delmas et al., 1984 Linde et al., 1980, as cited in van Klinken, 1991). The second most common bone protein, osteocalcin, comprises 1-2 weight % of total fresh bone. Osteocalcin bonds with both the bone mineral fraction and bone collagen, but it seems to be unstable in solutions. Due to its small molecular size and strong mineral stabilization, osteocalcin can survive up to 50.000 years (C.l. Smith et al., 2005), and it may offer an alternative to the use of collagen in paleoenvironmental stable isotope research. However, osteocalcin s role and importance in this field of study has yet to be defined (Collins et al., 2002). 

Schoeninger, M.J. (1985). Trophic level effects on 15N/14N and 13G/12C ratios in bone collagen and strontium levels in bone mineral. Journal of Human Evolution, Vol.l4, pp. 515-525. 

Spoerke ED, Anthony SG, Stupp SI (2009) Enzyme directed templating of artificial bone mineral. Adv Mater 21 425-430... 

Defranoux NA, Stokes CL, Young DL, Kahn AJ. In silico modeling and simulation of bone biology a proposal. / Bone Miner Res 2005 20 1079-84. 

D Calciferol Maintenance of calcium balance enhances intestinal absorption of Ca and mobilizes bone mineral Rickets = poor mineralization of bone osteomalacia = bone demineralization... 

SOMEKAWA Y, CHiGUCHi M, isHiBASHi T, Aso T (2001) Soy intake related to menopausal symptoms, serum hpids and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women. Obstet Gynecol. 97 109-15. 

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