Support from research

Peltzman s article has been criticized on a number of counts, primarily statistical but it did stimulate follow-up investigations. Dr. John Adams of University College, London, UK, for example, compared traffic fatality rates between countries with and without safety-belt use laws. His annual comparisons (from 1970 to 1978) showed dramatic reductions in fatal vehicle crash rates after countries introduced seat-belt use laws. Taken alone this data would lend strong support to seat-belt legislation. But the drop in fatality rates was even greater in countries without safety-belt use laws (Adams, 1985b). Apparently, the large-scale impact of increased use of vehicle safety belts has not been nearly as beneficial as expected from laboratory crash tests. Risk compensation has been proposed to explain this discrepancy. 

Research supports this presumed direct relationship between at-risk behavior and noncompliance with safety policy. Yoxmg males (Preusser et al., 1985), persons with elevated blood alcohol levels (Wagenaar, 1984), and tailgaters who drive dangerously close to the vehicles they follow (Evans et al., 1982) are less likely to comply with a belt-use law. These findings could certainly have implications for occupational safety. If the riskiest workers are least likely to comply with rules and policy, traditional top-down enforcement and discipline are not sufficient to achieve a Total Safety Culture. Of course, this is a primary theme of this book. But let us get back to the issue of risk compensation. 

Within subject comparisons. Most within subject tests of risk compensation theory have been restricted to simulated laboratory investigations (Wilde et al., 1985). These observations of different risk conditions are time consuming and quite difficult to pull off in a real-world situation. Dr. Fredrick Streff and I conducted one such study in 

We built an oval clay go-cart track about 100 m in circumference and equipped a 5-horsepower go-cart with an inertia reel-type combination shoulder-lap safety harness. 

Subjects were told to drive the go-cart aroimd the track quickly, but at a speed that is comfortable for you (Streff and Geller, 1988). The 56 subjects were either buckled or unbuckled in the first of two phases of driving trials. After the first phase, the safety condition was switched for one-half the subjects. That is, for these subjects the safety belt was no longer used if the drivers had previously been buckled up, or the belt was used by drivers who previously did not use it. The speed and accuracy of each subject s driving trial were systematically measured. Following the first and second phases (consisting of 15 trials each), the subjects completed a brief questionnaire to assess their perceived risk while driving the go-cart. 

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Acknowledgement. Financial support from Research Corporation, the Petroleum Research Fund, the General Medical Institute of the National Institutes of Health, and the Biomedical Research Support Grant Program of the National Institutes of Health is gratefully acknowledged. D.R.A. and G.C.C. would like to thank the University of Colorado for graduate fellowships and T.H.K., the University of Colorado Council on Research and Creative work for a Faculty Fellowship. 

We acknowledge financial support from Research for the Future Program of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under the Project Synthesis of Ecological High Quality Transportation Fuels (JSPS-RFTF98P01001)... 

Acknowledgment The author gratefully acknowledges the support from Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC) as a project (Itaya-Electrochemiscopy Project) of Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO). 

Financial support from research grant N N507 471838 from the Polish Ministry for Science and Higher Education is acknowledged... 

Information provided by Mr. Juan Jose Hemandez-Gonzalez from Adhesivos Heman (Leon, Mexico) on water-borne polychloroprene adhesives is greatly acknowledged. The financial support for research in rubber adhesives from the Spanish Research Agency (MCYT) and the University of Alicante is greatly appreciated. Finally, my deep recognition and acknowledgement to my wife and children for the time I took from them to write this chapter. 

We are grateful to financial support from the project of Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, supported by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science -Research for the Future Program (JSPS-RFTF98P00206). 

KT is grateful to financial support from the project of Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, supported by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science -Research for the Future Program (JSPS-RFTF98P00206). ME thanks the support from Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area (Carbon Alloys, No. 09243105, 1997). W-KH and MT thank The Royal Society for financial assistance. 

Our research studies on ionomers and on ionomer blends has received financial support from the U.S. Army Research Office and ACS-PRF, whose assistance is gratefully appreciated. Our appreciation is also expressed to former graduate students, Drs. P. Jar, M. A. Bellinger, and X. Ma, who made significant contributions to some of the research results reported herein. 

This work was sponsored by the Stichting Nationale Gomputerfaciliteiten (National Gomputing Facilities Foundation, NGF) for the use of supercomputer facilities, with financial support from the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, NWO). 

Acknowledgments. Research and preparation of this manuscript supported by the R. K. Mellon Foundation and the Vermont Agricultural q)eriment Station. Data obtained from research of Forest Decline Project participants, including Gregory Adams, Mark Easter, Maureen Jennings, Mark Hemmerlein and Heiko liedeker. 

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). 

A variety of support mechanisms for carrying out such research could be envisioned that would include sponsorship of individttal research projects in academia or federal laboratories, where appropriate a DOE eqrrivalent of the NSF Engineering Research Centers, but with more cooperative involvement from industry and stimrrlation by DOE of industrial cortsortia both to carry out joint research among companies on nonproprietary topics and to support relevant research in academia. The... 

Acknowledgements. JC acknowledges support from the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Society of London and the Defence Research Agency, Malvern. The authors are also grateful to GJ Ackland, CJ Adam, DJ Cleaver and MR Wilson for helpful discussions and to the Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre. 

VK acknowledges the support from CSIR, India (SRF 2-14/94(II)/E.U.II). MKM acknowledges financial support from the Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS 37/19/97-R D-II) of the Department of Atomic Energy, India. 

We gratefully acknowledge support from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, The L.S.B. Leakey Foundation and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada who provided financial support for the seminar. Our institutions, the Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary and the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, also made contributions. Finally, we thank the contributors for their patience and their hard work. 

Finally, we are grateful for the support from government and industry through various research programs, including National Basic Research Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and international joint researches. Their support of our research activities has led to this publication. 

Financial support from the Ontario Center for Materials Research (OCMR) is gratefully acknowledged. 

SE gratefully acknowledges the contributions of his colleagues at GeneGo Inc. in the development of the software described. CNG acknowledges research support from EHS Center Grant P30-ES-06639 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 

Work with European toxic cyanobacteria was partially supported by a NATO collaborative research grant between W.W. Carmichael and G.A. Codd, University of Dundee, Scotland, and O.M. Skulberg, Norwegian Water Research Institute, Oslo, Norway. Toxin structure work on European and North American peptide toxins is supported in part by U.S. AMRDC contract DAMD17-87-C-7019 to W.W. Carmichael. Portions of the work represent part of the Ph.D. dissertation research of N.A. Mahmood and E.G. Hyde. Their work was supported in part by fellowship support from the Biomedical Ph.D. Program, Wright State University. 

The authors appreciate the support by research grants from the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) through the AppUed Rheology Center (ARC) at Korea University. 

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the SERC, National Coal Board and B.P. Research (Sunbury). Discussions with Prof. H. Purnell and Dr. J. Ballantine (Swansea) and Drs T. Payment and J. Klinowski are appreciated. 

The authors would like to acknowledge support from National Science Foundation and The Ohio State University Material Research Laboratory. Helpful discussions with present and past members of the research group are also greatfully acknowledged. 

We like to thank Dr. H. Kusserow and Dr. W. Schafer for providing the PCR-primers and Dr. M. Zimmermann for help with the molecular genetic experiments. Financial support from the German Research Council DFG, from the German Academic Exchange Service DAAD, and from the Land Nordrhein-Westfalen is gratefully acknowledged. 

The author is pleased to acknowledge financial support from the Polish Committee on Scientific Research (BST-592/19/99). 

This work was supported by research grants from the NIH (AR 26545), NSF (DMB 8823077 Int. 8617848) and the Muscular Dystrophy Association. 

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