Central nervous system effect

Loperamide is similar ia action and use to diphenoxylate however, it does not need to be formulated with atropiae and is available by prescription and OTC. It is reported to have fewer central nervous system side effects than diphenoxylate. 

In humans, the hypothalamic-derived protein and the hormone noncovalent complexes are packaged in neurosecretory granules, then migrate along axons at a rate of 1 4 mm/h until they reach the posterior pituitary where they are stored prior to release into the bloodstream by exocytosis (67). Considerable evidence suggests that posterior pituitary hormones function as neurotransmitters (68) vasopressin acts on the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone [9002-60-2] (ACTH) (69) as well as on traditional target tissues such as kidneys. Both hormones promote other important central nervous system (CNS) effects (9,70). 

Dmg receptors represent another type of receptor family. The central nervous system (CNS) effects of the anxiolytic, diazepam, and the psychotropic actions of the caimabiaoids and phencycUdine have resulted ia the identification of specific receptors for these molecules. This has resulted ia the search for an endogenous ligand for these receptors. Thus, ia these situations, the pharmacological action has preceded the discovery of the receptor which, ia turn, has provided clues ia several iastances to the endogenous ligand. 

As to be expected from a peptide that has been highly conserved during evolution, NPY has many effects, e.g. in the central and peripheral nervous system, in the cardiovascular, metabolic and reproductive system. Central effects include a potent stimulation of food intake and appetite control [2], anxiolytic effects, anti-seizure activity and various forms of neuroendocrine modulation. In the central and peripheral nervous system NPY receptors (mostly Y2 subtype) mediate prejunctional inhibition of neurotransmitter release. In the periphery NPY is a potent direct vasoconstrictor, and it potentiates vasoconstriction by other agents (mostly via Yi receptors) despite reductions of renal blood flow, NPY enhances diuresis and natriuresis. NPY can inhibit pancreatic insulin release and inhibit lipolysis in adipocytes. It also can regulate gut motility and gastrointestinal and renal epithelial secretion. 

Balster, R.L., and Wessinger, W.D. Central nervous system depressant effects of phencyclidine. In Kamenka. J.M. Domino. 

In patients taking NSAIDs, monitor for increases in blood pressure, weight gain, edema, skin rash, and central nervous system adverse effects such as headaches and drowsiness. 

Severe pain should be treated with an opioid such as morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, or fentanyl. Moderate pain can be treated effectively in most cases with a weak opioid such as codeine or hydrocodone, usually in combination with acetaminophen. Meperidine should be avoided owing to its relatively short analgesic effect and its toxic metabolite, normeperidine. Normeperidine may accumulate with repeated dosing and can lead to central nervous system side effects including seizures. 

Use of diethylpropion for a period longer than 3 months is associated with an increased risk for development of pulmonary hypertension. When used as directed, reported common central nervous system adverse effects included overstimulation, restlessness, dizziness, insomnia, euphoria, dysphoria, tremor, headache, jitteriness, anxiety, nervousness, depression, drowsiness, malaise, mydriasis, and blurred vision. In addition, diethylpropion can decrease seizure threshold, subsequently increasing a patient s risk for an epileptic event. Other organ systems also can adversely be affected, resulting in tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, palpitations, dry mouth, abdominal discomfort, constipation,... 

Pomerleau OF. (1992). Nicotine and the central nervous system biobehavioral effects of cigarette smoking. Am J Med. 93(1A) 2S-7S. 

Keyset LA, Karl M, Nafziger AN, Bertino JS Jr. (2000) Comparison of central nervous system adverse effects of amantadine and rimantadine used as sequential prophylaxis of influenza a in elderly nursing home patients. Arch Intern Med 160 1485-1488... 

Most cases of intoxication from industrial exposure have been mild, with rapid onset of eye irritation, headache, sneezing, and nausea weakness, light-headedness, and vomiting may also occur. Acute exposure to high concentrations may produce profound weakness, asphyxia, and death. Acrylonitrile is metabolized to cyanide by hepatic microsomal reactions. Deaths from acute poisoning result from inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity by metabolically liberated cyanide. Inhalation of more moderate concentrations for a longer period of time leads to damage to the liver tissues in addition to central nervous system (CNS) effects. ... 

Ingestion of 5-12 g of hydroquinone has been reported to be fatal. In one nonfatal case of hydroquinone ingestion of approximately 1 g, tinnitus, dyspnea, cyanosis, and extreme sleepiness were observed. Although acute, high-dose oral ingestion produces noticeable central nervous system (CNS) effects in humans, no effects have been observed in workers exposed to lower concentrations in actual industrial situations. No signs of toxicity were found in subjects who ingested 3 00-500 mg hydroquinone daily for 3-5 months. ... 

The principal effects of carbon tetrachloride in humans are on the liver, the kidneys and the central nervous system. These effects are apparent following either oral or inhalation exposure, and limited data indicate they can occur after dermal exposure as well. All of the effects seen in humans except renal injury are demonstrable at roughly comparable exposure levels in animals, although there are some variations in susceptibility between species that are likely to be related to differences in metabolism. No studies were located regarding reproductive and developmental effects in humans after exposure to carbon tetrachloride. In rats, carbon tetrachloride was not shown to adversely affect reproduction or development. Studies with both mice and rats suggest that sufficiently high doses of carbon tetrachloride may increase the risk of liver tumors in exposed humans. 

Cysteamine (/3-mercapto-ethylamine) is used for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. Cysteamine converts within lysosomes cystine into cysteine and cysteine-cysteamine mixed disulfide, both of which can exit the lysosome thus removing the extra cystine. After oral administration peak plasma levels are reached at about 1.4 hours post dose. It is eliminated as a sulfate in the urine with a half-life of 4-5 hours. The most frequent adverse reactions seen involve the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. Side effects include abdominal pain, diarrhea, drowsiness, fever, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting and skin rash. Confusion, dizziness and headache may occur. 

Adverse effects that are not unequivocally related to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis include hepatic effects (hepatitis, hepatic necrosis, cholestatic jaundice, increased serum aminotransferases), dermal effects (photosensitivities, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, onycholysis), central nervous system (CNS) effects (headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, deafness, drowsiness, confusion, nervousness, increased sweating, aseptic meningitis), ocular effects (toxic amblyopia, retinal disturbances), and certain renal effects (acute interstitial nephritis, acute papillary necrosis). 

The antiemetic site of action of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Marinot) is unknown, although it appears to affect the central cerebral cortex axis. Relief may occur in individuals refractory to other antiemetics. It is less effective in the elderly, primarily because of its side effects. The antiemetic effect is associated with a high, and this appears to be better tolerated in the young. Sedation is seen in approximately 30% of patients. Ataxia, drowsiness, dry mouth, or orthostatic hypotension may be seen in up to 35% of the older patient population. GI absorption is variable, though blood levels correlate with efficacy. The bioavailabiUty is not as variable if the agent is smoked. The coadministration of prochlorperazine may prevent some of the central nervous system side effects seen with the use of tetrahydrocannabinol. 

Efavirenz (Sustiva) is approved for the therapy of HIV infection of adults and children and is also used for postexposure prophylaxis. It is the only NNRTI approved for once-daUy dosing. Rash, although rarely severe, is a common adverse effect of efavirenz. Elevated liver enzymes and serum cholesterol also may occur. Central nervous system (CNS) effects in approximately half of patients may include dizziness, headache, insomnia, drowsiness, euphoria, agitation, impaired cognition, nightmares, vivid dreams, and hallucinations. These effects often subside after several weeks to months of therapy. 

Mechanism of Action A barbiturate that depresses the central nervous system. Therapeutic Effect Pain relief and sedation. 

Mecfianism of Action A cholinergic-receptor agonist that binds to acetylcholine receptors, producing both stimulating and depressant effects on the peripheral and central nervous systems. Therapeutic Effect Provides a source of nicotine during nicotine withdrawal and reduces withdrawal symptoms. 

During the early twentieth century the barbiturates were used in children and adolescents for their sedative and hypnotic effects however, their safety profile and propensity to cause physical dependence led scientists in search of safer anxiolytics. The development of animal models of behavioral disorders facilitated the formulation of drugs with more specific central nervous system (CNS) effects. In 1959, chlordiazepoxide (Librium) was the first benzodiazepine (BZ) to receive a patent. It entered the market in 1960, followed by diazepam (Valium) in 1963. Today, over 35 BZs have been formulated and over 10 are available in the United States (Ballenger, 1995 Hobbs et ah, 1996). 

Other Central Nervous System Side Effects... 

Efavirenz NNRTI 600 mg daily Take on empty stomach. Bedtime dosing recommended initially to minimize central nervous system side effects Central nervous system effects, rash, t liver enzymes, headache, nausea See footnote 4 for contraindicated medications. Teratogenic In primates... 

Effects of styrene on human health depend on concentration, length of exposure, and individual genetics. Styrene vapor irritates the eyes, the nose, and the throat and can adversely affect the central nervous system. Health effects associated with breathing low concentrations of styrene over extended periods in the workplace include alterations in vision and hearing loss and increased reaction times. The Environmental Protection Agency has classified styrene as a potential human carcinogen. 

DNLM 1. Mental Disorders—drug therapy. 2. Central Nervous System—drug effects. 

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