Microflora, intestinal

Intestinal microflora are capable of impacting xenobiotic metabolism by causing enterohepatic circulation and delayed excretion and by catalyzing many of the reactions that also occur as a result of detoxication and bioactivation reactions by phase I and II enzymes. The carbohydrate amygdalin, which contains a cyanide substituent, is found in the kernels of various fruits including plum, cherry, peach, and apricot as well as in almonds. Hydrolysis by the [f-glucosidases in intestinal bacteria yields reactive intermediates capable of releasing cyanide. 

The human GI tract consists of a highly complex ecosystem of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms [77]. Although the gastric microflora is predominantly aerobic and its bacterial concentration is around 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, the large bowel environment is anaerobic in nature with a typical bacterial concentration of 1011 CFU/mL 

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Saponins dismpt red blood cells and may produce diarrhea and vomiting. They may also have a beneficial effect by complexing with cholesterol [57-88-5] and thus lowering semm cholesterol levels (24,25). In humans, intestinal microflora seem to either destroy saponins or inactivate them in small concentrations. 

Important physical and functional properties of maltose and maltose symps include sweetness, viscosity, color stabiUty, humectancy, freezing point depression, and promotion of beneficial human intestinal microflora growth. Maltose possesses ca 30—40% of the sweetness of sucrose in the pure state (32). 

Fiber components are the principal energy source for colonic bacteria with a further contribution from digestive tract mucosal polysaccharides. Rate of fermentation varies with the chemical nature of the fiber components. Short-chain fatty acids generated by bacterial action are partiaUy absorbed through the colon waU and provide a supplementary energy source to the host. Therefore, dietary fiber is partiaUy caloric. The short-chain fatty acids also promote reabsorption of sodium and water from the colon and stimulate colonic blood flow and pancreatic secretions. Butyrate has added health benefits. Butyric acid is the preferred energy source for the colonocytes and has been shown to promote normal colonic epitheUal ceU differentiation. Butyric acid may inhibit colonic polyps and tumors. The relationships of intestinal microflora to health and disease have been reviewed (10). 

D. F. Hentges, ed., Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease, Academic Press, New York, 1983. 

RABOT s, GUERIN c, NUGON-BAUDON L and SZYLIT o (1995) Glucosinolate degradation by bacterial strains isolated from a human intestinal microflora , Proc. 9th International Rapeseed Congress, 1 212-14. 

As modifiers of the intestinal microflora by favouring the growth of health promoting bacteria (Weisburger, 1999). 

Finally, the fact that anthocyanins can reach the brain represents a beginning of an explanation of the purported neuroprotection effects of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins may be eliminated via urinary and biliary excretion routes. " The extent of elimination of anthocyanins via urine is usually very low (< 0.2% intake) in rats and in humans, indicating either a more pronounced elimination via the bile route or extensive metabolism. As mentioned earlier, in the colon, non-absorbed or biliary excreted anthocyanins can be metabolized by the intestinal microflora into simpler break-down compounds such as phenolic acids that may be (re)absorbed and conjugated with glycine, glucuronic acid, or sulfate and also exhibit some biological... 

Both the (+)- and (-)- enantiomers of limonene were transformed by larvae of the cutworm Spodop-tera litura (Miyazawa et al. 1998). For both of them the reactions involved are (a) dihydroxylation between C-8 and C-9 and (b) oxidation of the C-1 methyl group to carboxyl. These transformations were not dependent on the intestinal microflora in contrast to the transformation of a-terpinene to p-mentha-l,3-dien-7-ol and p-cymene whose formation could be attributed to the intestinal flora. 

B Huitfeldt, L Magni, CE Nord, J Sjovall. Effect of beta-lactam prodrugs on human intestinal microflora. 1 Infect Dis 49 73-84, 1986. 

Jin L.Z., Ho Y.W., Abdullah N Ah M.A. and Jalaludin S. (1998). Effects of adherent Lactobacillus cultures on growth, weight of organs and intestinal microflora and volatile fatty acids in broilers . Anim Feed Sci Technol, 70, 197-209. 

Kralik G., Milakovie Z. and Ivankoviae S. (2004). Effect of probiotic supplementation on the performance and the composition of the intestinal microflora in broilers chickens . 

Ouwehand A., Isolauri E. and Salminen S. (2004). The role of the intestinal microflora for the development of the immune system in early childhood . Europ J Nutr, 41, 3456-3464. 

Z. Djouzi and C. Andrieux, Compared effects of three oligosaccharides on metabolism of intestinal microflora in rats inoculated with a human faecal flora, Br. J. Nutr., 78 (1997) 313-324. 

The consequences of a failure of the gastric acid barrier for the intestinal microflora emerge from studies of healthy individuals and patient populations with other important defense mechanisms against bacterial colonization intact. 

Summary of Consequences for Intestinal Microflora Failure of intestinal clearance caused by impaired motor activity or local stagnation for anatomical reasons results in Gram-negative colonization of the small bowel. Small bowel aspirate, mucosal brush, or biopsies are optional samples for culture, which is still the gold standard for detecting this type of overgrowth. 

Gorbach LS, Plaut AG, Nahas L, Weinstein L Studies of intestinal microflora. Microorganisms of the small intestine and their relations to oral and fecal flora. Gastroenterology 1967,53 856-867. 

Husebye E, Hellstrom PM, Midtvedt T The intestinal microflora stimulates myoelectric activity of rat small intestine by promoting cyclic initiation and aboral propagation of the migrating myoelectric complex. Dig Dis Sci 1994 39 946-956. 

Van Eldere J, Robben J, Caenepeel PH, Eys-sen H Influence of a cecal volume-reducing intestinal microflora on the excretion and en-tero-hepatic circulation of steroids and bile acids. J Steroid Biochem 1988 29 33-39. 

With the increasing appearance of antibiotic-resistant infections, the side effects of antibiotics and superinfection as a consequence of the disturbance of the intestinal microflora, the immediate decision to use antibiotics... 

Cavallaro V, Catania V, Bonaccorso R, Maz-zone S, Seciale A, Di Marco R, Blandino G, Caccamo F Effect of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin on the oral and intestinal microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. J Chemother 1992 4 82-87. 

Rifaximin Ulcerative colitis Crohn s disease Intestinal microflora... 

Bjomeklett A, Midvedt T Influence of three antimicrobial agents - penicillin, metronidazole and doxycyclin - on the intestinal microflora of healthy humans. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988 94 928-932. 

Nichols RL, Gorbach SL, Condon RE Alteration of intestinal microflora following preoperative mechanical preparation of the colon. Dis Colon Rectum 1971,14 123-127. 

Flavonoids in general are extensively metabolized by enterocyte and hepatic cell enzymes and by intestinal microflora. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the biological activity of flavonoids and their metabolites in specific tissues, because the metabolites found in the blood flow or any specific organ may differ among themselves and from... 

Rafii F, Franklin W, Cemiglia CE (1990) Azoreductase activity of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human intestinal microflora. Appl Env Microbiol 56 2146-2151... 

Rafii F, Smith DB, Benson RW, Cemiglia CE (1992) Immunological homology among azoreductases from Clostridium and Eubacterium strains isolated from human intestinal microflora. J Basic Microbiol 32 99-105... 

Walker R, Ryan AJ (1971) Some molecular parameters influencing rate of reduction of azo compounds by intestinal microflora. Xenobiotica 4—5 483486... 

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