Funding for science

Stokes s scheme is particularly interesting, because much of contemporary science is firmly in Pasteur s quadrant. As stated by Guston and Keniston, much of the federal funding for science is based on the expectation that research will provide useful products and processes. Increasingly, research proposals are judged on the potential applicability of the results and university scientists are encouraged to apply for patents and start small companies to commercialize their discoveries. Many of the ethical tensions in contemporary science are a result of the emphasis on doing research in Pasteur s quadrant. 

We dedicate this volume to Dick Miller as a scientist, a faithful provider of federal funding for science, and a brilliant manager of technology for our future Navy,... 

This study was supported by a grant from the Republic Fund for Science, Serbia. 

This work was supported in part by Polish Funds for Science (N N202 262038). 

National Academy of Science, 1995, Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 

The research in this paper has been sponsored in part by King Gustaf VI Adolf s 70-Years Fund for Swedish Culture, Knut and Alice Wallenberg s Foundation, the Swedish Natural Science Research Council, the Texas-Swedish Cultural Foundation, and in part by the Aeronautical Research Laboratory, Wright Air Development Center of the Air Research and Development Command, United States Air Force, through its European Office under a contract with Uppsala University. 

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies. Federal Funds for Research and Development, Fiscal Years 1985, 1986, and 1987, Volume XXXV (Detailed Statistical Tables). Washington, D.C. National Science Foundation, 1986. 

Acknowledgements. This work has been supported by MIUR (Supramolecular Devices Project), University of Bologna (Funds for Selected Topics), and EC (HPRN-CT-2000-00029). C.S. acknowledges the Swiss National Science Foundation for financial support. 

Acknowledgment is made to the Donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for the support of this research. He also wish to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation which provided funds for the equipment used in this research under Grants DMR 78-18917 and CPE-7920155. 

This work was partly supported by the fund for Leading Project Next Generation Fuel Cells of the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, Sports, and Technology of Japan. 

The Instrumentation and Laboratory Improvement (ILI) Program aids in the purchase of laboratory equipment for use in undergraduate laboratories at all levels. Annual funding has been 23 million for the past 5 years and is anticipated to remain at this level for the near future. Typically, 2300 proposals are received, resulting in approximately 600 awards per year. ILI has two components The major one accepts proposals for equipment only, the other, known as Leadership in Laboratory Development, seeks to support the development of exemplary national models for laboratory curricula by providing funds for personnel and supplies as well as for equipment. Five percent of the ILI budget is devoted to Leadership projects, and preliminary proposals are required. A 50% institutional match for equipment costs is necessary for all ILI proposals. The maximum allowable request from NSF is 100,000. In the 1992 competition, 60 proposals to initiate or improve materials science laboratories were received 15 were from departments of chemistry, the remainder from engineering units. 

Student support for this research was provided by the W. M. Keck Foundation (E.L. G.) and the Inland Northwest Research Alliance (J.P.G., J. R. B.). This research was supported in part by the Office of Science (BER) U. S. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-03ER63576), a National Science Foundation ADVANCE Award to S. L. C. (DMI-0340709) and a National Science Foundation CAREER Award to J. D.S (CTS-0348076). Acknowledgement is made to the Donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for partial support of this research. 

University) and Marie Fraser (University of Alberta) for providing the experimental data used in the work on AFP and 3APP, respectively. Funding for the research was provided by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada. 

TABLE 12-3 Federal Funding for Research in Science and Engineering (Millions of 2000 Dollars)11... 

Acknowledgements Funding for this project was provided by the Sustainable Development Initiatives Fund of Manitoba and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Neil Ball, Sergio Mejia, and the late Gregg Morden provided assistance with geochemical and... 

Acknowledgments We are grateful to the Tanzanian Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) for permission to conduct the study and the Director Generals of the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute and Tanzania National Parks for cooperation. We acknowledge M. Hilker for ideas and discussion and we thank B. Caspers, O. Honer, B. Kostka, K. Paschmionka, J. Streich, D. Thierer, B. Wachter and K. Wilhelm for assistance. The Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research funded the study. 

We thank BIP Chemicals Ltd., for Research Studentships to PHW and FRJ, the British Council and the Turkish Cultural Ministry for support of YF, the British Science Research Council for funds for equipment and technical help, the National Research Development Corporation for support of the work on crown ethers, and Dr. D. Schlotterbeck for instructing us in the Jaacks ethoxide method. 

NSF funded polymer science modular experiments are now available from Eli Pearce. There are 15 of these modules for use with an introductory polymer science course or for use with a separate beginning polymer laboratory course. 

The National Science Foundation, Grant No. SES 792648, and the Center for Energy and Mineral Resources, Texas A M University have provided funds for this research. 

The authors are grateful to the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and Davey Fund for Brain Research for research funding. We are also very grateful to Dr. G.B. Baker and his eternal patience and outstanding grammatical skills. 

---