Incidence rates

An important aspect of environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations is enforcement. Eederal, state, and local regulatory authorities usually have large enforcement sections. In the environmental area, compliance audits are usually conducted aimually. OSHA, both federal and state, usually audits based on a faciHty s accident/incident rate. 

However, incidence of testicular cancer is increasing in American blacks and Japansese, both of whom have a low incidence of testis cancer. " Extrapolation of the epidemiological trends suggests that the incidence rate of testis cancer will continue to double every 15-25 years. 

Beyond that, we annually set emissions, injury, and incident rate targets. Our performance against these is publicly reported in our annual report. Each year we review performance and set new, more demanding, targets. 

End-of-pipe measures continue to be vitally important. The largest PSM and ESH management costs are accident and incident related. If you reduce the costs of managing PSM and ESH, yet accident and incident rates rise beyond any normal statistical variation, the new system is costing the company more. Near misses are a leading indicator for accidents and incidents and should not be neglected. 

In the case-control design, a group with a disease (cases) is compared with a selected group of nondiscased (control) individuals with respect to exposure. The relative risk in control studies can only be estimated as the incidence rate among exposed individuals and cannot be calculated. The estimator used is the odds ratio, which is the ratio of the odds of exposure among the cases to that among the controls. 

Incidence, a true rate, refers to the number of new cases of a disease in a defined population in a given period of time. Thus, the incidence rate can be expressed as ... 

The incidence of these syndromes seems to vary according to geographical area and ethnic background but is about 0.2-0.3 per 100,000.population (mean annual incidence rate). However incidence rates calculated for adult populations are up to three times higher. The fifth and sixth decades show peak incidence rates and there is also clear biomodality across the full age spectrum due to the existence of a juvenile form of dermatomyositis (JDM) which is pathogenetically distinct. Polymyositis, uncomplicated by skin changes, can also occur as a juvenile condition. 

Marked contrasts in the frequency of gastric cancer have been recognized for a long time, as shown in Figure 1 which gives the rank order of the magnitude of the incidence rate for populations througjiout the world (1. It is immediately apparent... 

Splenectomy generally is considered after 3 to 6 months if the patient continues to require 10 to 20 mg/day of prednisone to keep the platelet count greater than 30,000/mm3 (30 x 103/jliL or 30 X 109/L) or within 6 weeks of diagnosis in patients with platelet counts of less than 10,000/mm3 (10 x 103/ju,L or 10 x 109/L) despite treatment. Even though individual patient response cannot be predicted, approximately two-thirds of refractory patients have a favorable response to splenectomy within a couple of days. After splenectomy, approximately 85% of adults attain a stable hemostatic response, and 70% to 80% of children attain complete remission. Within 5 to 10 years, approximately 25% of responding adult patients relapse. Laproscopic splenectomy is preferable to open splenectomy because it speeds the recovery and shortens the duration of hospitalization. The major drawback of splenectomy is bacterial sepsis, occurring at incidence rates of about 1%. 

Environmental Clinical carcinoma incidence varies worldwide. Latent carcinoma similar between regions. Nationalized males adopt intermediate incidence rates between that of the United States and their native country. 

PARABEN ESTERS Typical use concentrations 0.1 - 0.3% Low toxicity Dermatologically safe at typical use concentrations Over 70 years widespread use with an extremely low incidence rate of skin response GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe) in the USA Stable and active over a wide pH range Stable to heat Combinations of esters exhibit increased activity Approved for cosmetic applications worldwide Low water solubility Some nonionics inactivate to varying degrees May require addition of other preservatives, eg. bactericides Incompatible with some proteins... 

Hyperlipoproteinemia, Type IV, is characterized by increased contents of pre-P-lipoproteins and triglycerides (2-5 fold) in the blood plasma. Its incidence rate is higher in aged patients. Hereditary forms of this disease (called also familial hyperprebetalipoproteinemia) have been described. 

Bamouin, J., Bord, S., Bazin, S. and Chassagne, M., (2005), Dairy management practices associated with incidence rate of clinical mastitis in low somatic cell score herds in France . Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 3700-3709. 

Schizophrenia is a chronic and devastating mental illness that affects approximately 1% of the world s population [1]. Men and women are affected equally and the incident rate is nearly the same for all countries and ethnic groups throughout the world. The disease is ranked among the top ten causes of disability worldwide [1]. 

The ratio, actual incidence rate to incidence rate predicted by the correlation between lung cancer and smoking habits was correlated against Rn concentration. 

Fig. 10.11. Annual incidence rate per 1000 woman-years of followup for invasive breast cancers over the 8 years of CORE according to ER status. Reproduced with permission from Martino et al. (2004a)...

Reliable correlations were found between lead concentrations in the soil and the incidence rates in the population of Dnepropetrovsk. In the adults, the pollution levels were associated with complications in pregnancy and delivery, diseases of urogenital, nervous and bone-and-muscular system, blood problems and tumors. In the children, the blood, blood forming organs, respiratory system and the muscles and bones were most frequently affected. 

The OSHA incidence rate is based on cases per 100 worker years. A worker year is assumed to contain 2000 hours (50 work weeks/year X 40 hours/week). The OSHA incidence rate is therefore based on 200,000 hours of worker exposure to a hazard. The OSHA incidence rate is calculated from the number of occupational injuries and illnesses and the total number of employee hours worked during the applicable period. The following equation is used ... 

OSHA incidence rate (based on injuries and illness)... 

Incident rate Number of occupational injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time employees. 

An incidence rate can also be based on lost workdays instead of injuries and illnesses. For this case... 

The OSHA incidence rate provides information on all types of work-related injuries and illnesses, including fatalities. This provides a better representation of worker accidents than systems based on fatalities alone. For instance, a plant might experience many small accidents with resulting injuries but no fatalities. On the other hand, fatality data cannot be extracted from the OSHA incidence rate without additional information. 

Both the OSHA incidence rate and the FAR depend on the number of exposed hours. An employee working a ten-hour shift is at greater total risk than one working an eight-hour shift. A FAR can be converted to a fatality rate (or vice versa) if the number of exposed hours is known. The OSHA incidence rate cannot be readily converted to a FAR or fatality rate because it contains both injury and fatality information. 

Industry OSHA incident rate (cases involving days away from work and deaths) FAR (deaths) ... 

If twice as many people used motorcycles for the same average amount of time each, what will happen to (a) the OSHA incidence rate, (b) the FAR, (c) the fatality rate, and (d) the total number of fatalities ... 

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