Non-combustion sources

There are several natural non-combustion sources of PAHs. A study in 1980 by Wakeham [43] concluded that phenanthrene could be created by the dehydrogenation of steroids, retene could be produced by the diagenesis of abietic acid, and alkyl chrysenes could form from the degradation of the pentacyclic triterpenes alpha- and beta-amyrin, which are components of higher plant waxes. In this section we will look at the natural non-combustion sources of retene and perylene and how these sources might impact the Great Lakes. 

Perylene has both combustion and non-combustion sources. Combustion sources are the same as have been described at the beginning of this section. The predominant non-combustion source of perylene appears to be diagenesis of organic matter in the sediments of lakes and marine systems. There is evidence that in situ production of perylene does occur in the sediments of the Great Lakes. 

The use of an MHTGR was studied for methanol synthesis from coal without CO2 production. Besides coal and steam, the process requires a supplemental hydrocarbon feed or ideally hydrogen, also methane could be used, plus a non-combustion source of high-temperature heat which is ideally an HTGR. Based on coal with 60 % carbon content and a conversion rate of 80 %, a balance of the process was predicted such that with an input of 162 t/h of coal and 69.4 t/h of methane and an electric power of 300 MW yields 347 tb of methanol [64]. 

Therefore, merely reducing coal use will not he sufficient to satisfy the Protocol. Any plan to comply with the Protocol needs to assume substitution, first by non-combustion energy sources—that is by renewables or nuclear energy—and second by natural gas. This would have to be accompanied by achievement of far greater efficiencies in energy production (for example by introduction of far more fuel-efficient steam gas turbines, driven by natural gas) and by more efficient use of energy. 

Actual upholstered composites are required to resist the cigarette source of BS 5852 Part 1 (furniture). Mattresses are also required to resist the cigarette test uncovered and covered with non- combustible insulation of BS 6807. 

Figure 9.35 shows a typical set of mass size distributions for total suspended particles (TSP), Na, Cl, Al, V, NO-, S04, and NH4 at Chichi in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, about 1000 km southeast of the main island of Japan (Yoshizumi and Asakuno, 1986). As expected for a marine site such as this, Na and Cl from sea salt predominate, and both the TSP and Na and Cl components peak in the coarse particle range. Al is also found primarily in the larger particles and is attributed to a contribution from soil dust. On the other hand, vanadium, non-sea salt sulfate (nss-S04 ), and ammonium are primarily in the fine particles. The vanadium levels are extremely low and likely reflect long-range transport of an air mass containing the products of combustion of fuel oil, which contains V because it is likely associated with a combustion source, it would be expected in the fine particle mode, consistent with Fig. 9.35. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced during the incomplete combustion of organic material. PAHs can also be produced through natural, non-combustion processes, and they may be present in uncombusted petroleum. Uncombusted petroleum can be a direct source to the waters of... 

In contrast, non-combustion energy sources—wind, sunlight, falling water, and atomic fission—do not convert carbon to carbon dioxide. Accordingly, a carbon tax (or C02 tax) is conceptually a tax on the use of fossil fuels, and only fossil fuels. 

Non-point source Transport, uncontrolled/ residential fuel combustion, fires etc. PCDDs/DFs, coPCBs, HCB 2004 KMOE KMOE, 2004c, 2005a... 

The amount of metals released as the byproduct of a single activity, the burning of coal, illustrates the potential importance of anthropogenic sources. Inorganic, non-combustible materials are present in coal, and these materials constitute the ash that remains after combustion. Fly ash (the ash that leaves the furnace and is collected by flue-scrubbing... 

Formation of combustion particles also involves nucleation and condensation of vapors, although the processes occur at elevated temperatures inside the combustion source and during cooling of the plume. Like secondary aerosols, combustion particles have a major semivolatile component composed of sulfates from sulfur dioxide oxidation and organic oxidation products, and of unburned fuel and oil as well. Furthermore, they contain a large non-volatile component consisting of soot, metals, and metal oxides. 

Table VI summarizes aerosol mass concentrations and composition in different regions of the troposphere. It is interesting to note that average total fine particle mass (that associated with particles of diameter less than about 2 /im) in non-urban continental, i.e., regional, aerosols is only a factor of two lower than urban values. This reflects the relatively long residence time of particles (recall the estimate of a lifetime of fine particles by dry deposition of 10 days). Correspondingly, the average composition of non-urban continental and urban aerosols is roughly the same. The average mass concentration of remote aerosols is a factor of three lower than that of non-urban continental aerosols. The elemental carbon component, a direct indicator of anthropogenic combustion sources, drops to 0.3% in the remote aerosols, but sulfate is still a major compo-...

SPILL CLEAN-UP absorb or eover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas remove all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). 

SPILL CLEAN-UP Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors absorb small quantities on paper towels and evaporate in a fume hood absorb large quantities in non-combustible material and atomize in a suitable combustion chamber mixing styrene with a more flammable solvent may also improve combustion remove all ignition sources. 

SPILL CLEAN-UP ventilate area of leak or spill vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors absorb or cover liquids with non-combustible materials (e.g., dry earth, sand, vermiculite), and transfer to chemical waste containers use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed materials flush remaining spill with large amounts of water but not into confined spaces such as sewers due to possibility of explosion remove all sources of ignition (e.g., flares, sparks or flames). 

SPILL CLEAN-UP ventilate area of leak or spill if possible use water spray to cool and reduce vapors in case of spill, soak up with dry earth, sand, or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into chemical waste container for proper disposal flush area with water, preventing entrance into drains, sewer systems, or natural water supplies remove all sources of ignition. 

---