Composite material 1-5, 13 advanced

Epoxy glasses have been widely utilized by different industries primarily as matrices for composites. Increasing interest in the most modern materials — advanced composites —- where epoxies appear as the main type of matrices 1-5) led to the necessity of predicting structure — properties relationships for these polymers. 

Advanced composites and fiber-reinforced materials are used in sailcloth, speedboat, and other types of boat components, and leisure and commercial fishing gear. A ram id and polyethylene fibers are currentiy used in conveyer belts to collect valuable offshore minerals such as cobalt, uranium, and manganese. Constmction of oil-adsorbing fences made of high performance fabrics is being evaluated in Japan as well as the constmction of other pollution control textile materials for maritime use. For most marine uses, the textile materials must be resistant to biodeterioration and to a variety of aqueous pollutants and environmental conditions. 

The expiration of Phillips basic PPS patent in 1984 ushered in a large interest from the industrial sector. Companies, based largely in Europe and Japan, began acquiring patents worldwide for both the synthesis of PPS and a wide variety of appHcations, including compounds, blends, alloys, fiber, film, advanced composite materials, as well as end use products. 

Composites. High molecular weight PPS can be combiaed with long (0.6 cm to continuous) fiber to produce advanced composite materials (131). Such materials having PPS as the polymer matrix have been developed by usiag a variety of reinforcements, including glass, carbon, and Kevlar fibers as mat, fabric, and unidirectional reinforcements. Thermoplastic composites based on PPS have found application ia the aircraft, aerospace, automotive, appliance, and recreation markets (see Composite materials, polymer-matrix). 

Other Matrix Materials. Advanced materials, eg, stmctural components, in aerospace vehicles also employ ceramics and metals as composite matrices (see Composite materials, ceramic-matrix Metal-matrix composites). 

Currendy, epoxy resins (qv) constitute over 90% of the matrix resin material used in advanced composites. The total usage of advanced composites is expected to grow to around 45,500 t by the year 2000, with the total resin usage around 18,000 t in 2000. Epoxy resins are expected to stiH constitute about 80% of the total matrix-resin-systems market in 2000. The largest share of the remaining market will be divided between bismaleimides and polyimide systems (12 to 15%) and what are classified as other polymers, including thermoplastics and thermoset resins other than epoxies, bismaleimides, cyanate esters, and polyimide systems (see Composites,polymer-matrix-thermoplastics). 

Applications. Epoxy resias constitute over 90% of the matrix resia material used ia advanced composites. In addition, epoxy resias are used ia all the various fabrication processes that convert resias and reinforcements iato composite articles. Liquid resias ia combiaation, mainly, with amines and anhydride are used for filament winding, resia transfer mol ding, and pultmsion. Parts for aircraft, rocket cases, pipes, rods, tennis rackets, ski poles, golf club shafts, and fishing poles are made by one of these processes with an epoxy resia system. 

Advanced Composite Materials Corp. (ACMC), Greer, S.C. Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, N. Mex. 

Special materials Turbine-blade alloys, advanced composites (CFRP, BRFP), etc. UK 5,000-50,000 US 7,500-75,000... 

Ting J-M., and Lake, M.L. Processing, fabrication, and applications of advanced composites, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1993, pp 117 127. 

Derbyshire, F., Fei, Y.Q., Jagtoyen, M., Kimber, G., Matheny, M. and Burchell, T., Carbon fiber composite molecular sieves for gas separation. In "New Horizons for Materials" Advances in Science and Technology (edited by P. Vincenzini), Techna Sri, Faenza, Italy 1995, Vol. 4, pp. 411 417. 

Pilato, L.A. and Michno, M.J., Advanced Composite Materials. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1994, pp. 18-23. 

Because of this continued emphasis on adhesive bonding technology development over the years, the airframes of modem front-line aircraft such as the B-2 bomber and the F-117 and F-22 fighters are largely structurally bonded advanced composites. They tend to be comprised of materials that are more advanced (expensive) than commercial aircraft such as carbon and boron fiber reinforcements with cyanate esters, bismaleimides, polyimides or other high-temperature resin matrices and adhesives. 

In order to describe completely the state of triaxial (as opposed to biaxial) stress in an anisotropic material, the compliance matrix will have 36 terms. The reader is referred to the more advanced composites texts listed in the Bibliography if these more complex states of stress are of interest. It is conventional to be consistent and use the terminology of the more general analysis even when one is considering the simpler plane stress situation. Hence, the compliance matrix [5] has the terms... 

Phillips, L.N. (ed.) Design with Advanced Composite Materials, Design Council, London (1989). Strong, B.A. High Performance Engineering Thermoplastic Composites, Technomic Lancaster, PA (1993). 

Stnjcturai Design Guide for Advanced Composite Applications, Vol. 1, Material Characterization, 2nd edition. Advanced Composites Division, Air Force Materials Laboratory, January 1971. 

M. E. VVaddoups, J. R. Eisenmann, and B. E. Kaminski, Macroscopic Fracture Mechanics of Advanced Composite Materials, Journal of Composite Materials, October... 

Suppose we change our attention from structures in which the driver is functional consideration alone to something like an automobile where cost is also extremely important. We can get the functional job done with other materials, like steel and aluminum and fiberglass in certain places and unreinforced plastic in others. Then, the question becomes can we make a material substitution that will enable us to compete with the cost of these other materials to do a job that with all the other materials we cannot accomplish That is a different kind of question, and then cost becomes an extremely important driver. And, as cost of advanced composite structures goes down, we can expect to see more and more utilization of advanced composite materials. 

Buck, M. E., Advanced Fibers for Advanced Composites, Advanced Materials and Processes, pp. 61-65 (Sept. 1987)... 

Sport - advanced composite materials for tennis and squash rackets, all-weather surfaces. 

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