With carbon

CO. Alkynes will react with carbon monoxide in the presence of a metal carbonyl (e.g. Ni(CO)4) and water to give prop>enoic acids (R-CH = CH-C02H), with alcohols (R OH) to give propenoic esters, RCH CHC02R and with amines (R NH2) to give propenoic amides RCHrCHCONHR. Using alternative catalysts, e.g. Fe(CO)5, alkynes and carbon monoxide will produce cyclopentadienones or hydroquinols. A commercially important variation of this reaction is hydroformyiation (the 0x0 reaction ). 

CoAsS, are also used as sources. The ore is roasted and Co is precipitated as the hydroxide and then reduced to Co with carbon (hep below 417 - C, cep to m.p.). The metal is silvery white and readily polished. It dissolves in dilute acids and is slowly oxidized in air. Adsorbs hydrogen strongly. The main use of cobalt is in alloys. Cobalt compounds are used in paints and varnishes, catalysts. Cobalt is an essential element in the diet. World production 1976 32 000 tonnes metal. 

CmHizN S, PhNHC(S)NHPh. Colourless flakes m.p. 15rC. Prepared by boiling aniline with carbon disulphide. It is used commercially as a rubber accelerator. 

C, b.p. 907"C, d 713. Transition element occurring as zinc blende, sphalerite (Zn,Fe)S calamine or smithsonite (ZnCO j), willemite (Zo2Si04), franklinite (ZnFe204). Extracted by roasting to ZnO and reduction with carbon. The metal is bluish-white (deformed hep) fairly hard and brittle. Burns... 

While quenched steel with carbon above 0,6%, the temperature of the end martensite transformation is below zero, thus the transformation of austenite into martensite is incomplete and this remaining cooled austenite is called residual austenite. 

By working trough the method of the AE diagnostics, and as it was with carbon plastic case, the adhesive joint were tested by the step- and two-multiple loading. 

K.A. Andrianov, S.A.Kolesnikov and others. Structure and qualities of the composite materials with carbon die. 

For heavy molecules with very small rotational state spacing, this limit on AJ puts severe upper limits on the amount of energy that can be taken up in the rotations of a heavy molecule during a collision. Despite these limitations, P(E, E ) distributions have been obtained by inverting data of the type described here for values of AE in the range -1500 cm > AE > -8000 cnD for the two donor molecules pyrazine and hexafluorobenzene with carbon dioxide as a bath acceptor molecule [15,16]. Figure C3.3.11 shows these experimentally derived... 

Figure C3.3.11. The energy transfer probability distribution function P(E, E ) (see figure C3.3.2) for two molecules, pyrazine and hexafluorobenzene, excited at 248 nm, arising from collisions with carbon dioxide...

Figure C3.3.12. The energy-transfer-probability-distribution function P(E, E ) (see figure C3.3.2 and figure C3.3.11) for two molecules, pyrazine and hexafluorobenzene, excited at 248 nm, arising from collisions with carbon dioxide molecules. Both collisions that leave the carbon dioxide bath molecule in its ground vibrationless state, OO O, and those that excite the 00 1 vibrational state (2349 cm ), have been included in computing this probability. The spikes in the distribution arise from excitation of the carbon dioxide bath 00 1 vibrational mode.

Rosser W A Jr, Sharma R D and Gerry E T 1971 Deactivation of vibrationally excited carbon dioxide (001) by collisions with carbon monoxide J. Chem. Phys. 54 1196-205... 

Reference to Figure 3.4 shows that the reduction is not feasible at 800 K. but is feasible at 1300 K. However, we must remember that energetic feasibility does not necessarily mean a reaction will go kinetic stability must also be considered. Several metals are indeed extracted by reduction with carbon, but in some cases the reduction is brought about by carbon monoxide formed when air, or air-oxygen mixtures, are blown into the furnace. Carbon monoxide is the most effective reducing agent below about 980 K, and carbon is most effective above this temperature. 

The white solid oxides MjO and M 0 are formed by direct union of the elements. The oxides MjO and the oxides M"0 of calcium down to radium have ionic lattices and are all highly basic they react exothermically with water to give the hydroxides, with acids to give salts, and with carbon dioxide to give carbonates. For example... 

The soda-ammonia process occurs in two main stages. First, brine is saturated with ammonia gas and this ammoniacal brine is then treated with carbon dioxide. The equilibrium... 

If an excess of magnesium is used, magnesium silicide, Mg2Si, is also produced.) The silicon obtained is a light brown hygroscopic powder. Crystalline or metallic silicon is obtained industrially by the reduction of silica with carbon in an electric arc furnace ... 

Note the much larger enthalpy of formation of silieon dioxide as compared with carbon dioxide this arises in part because of greater strength in the Si—O bonds and also because the Si—Si bond in silieon is mueh weaker than the C—C bond (p. 162). 

Chlorine reacts directly with carbon monoxide to give carbonyl chloride (phosgene) ... 

Addition of an oxidising agent to a solution of an iodide (for example concentrated sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium dichromate) yields iodine the iodine can be recognised by extracting the solution with carbon tetrachloride which gives a purple solution of iodine. 

The extraction of titanium is still relatively costly first the dioxide Ti02 is converted to the tetrachloride TiCl4 by heating with carbon in a stream of chlorine the tetrachloride is a volatile liquid which can be rendered pure by fractional distillation. The next stage is costly the reduction of the tetrachloride to the metal, with magnesium. must be carried out in a molybdenum-coated iron crucible in an atmospheric of argon at about 1100 K ... 

Cobalt has an odd number of electrons, and does not form a simple carbonyl in oxidation state 0. However, carbonyls of formulae Co2(CO)g, Co4(CO)i2 and CoJCO),6 are known reduction of these by an alkali metal dissolved in liquid ammonia (p. 126) gives the ion [Co(CO)4] ". Both Co2(CO)g and [Co(CO)4]" are important as catalysts for organic syntheses. In the so-called oxo reaction, where an alkene reacts with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, under pressure, to give an aldehyde, dicobalt octacarbonyl is used as catalyst ... 

A chromium atom forms a neutral complex with carbon monoxide molecules and 1,10-phenanthroline molecules. The structure of the complex is ... 

The fiimace E is now switched on, and takes about 20 minutes before the combustion tube packing has reached the required temperature. After 15 minutes, carbon dioxide is again passed for 5 minutes, and the apparatus tested as before for the appearance of micro-bubbles. If these are not at first obtained, the sweeping-out process must be continued until they do appear. Now that the combustion-tube packing is heated up to the required temperature and the apparatus filled with carbon dioxide, all air being swept out, the combustion may be started. 

Oxidation of 10-undecynoic acid to sebacic acid. Dissolve 2 00 g. of the acid, m.p. 41-42°, in 50 ml. of water containing 0 -585 g. of pure anhydrous sodium carbonate. Saturate the solution with carbon dioxide and add O IN potassium permanganate solution (about 1500 ml.) slowly and with constant stirring until the pink colour remains for half an hour the addition occupies about 3 hours. Decolourise the solution with a httle sulphur dioxide and filter off the precipitated acid through a... 

Tl>e base is only slightly soluble in ether, thus rendering its use uneconomical. It may be extracted with chloroform and precipitated from the dried chloroform solution with carbon tetrachloride. 

Veratronitrile, Dissolve 83 g. of veratraldehyde in 200 ml. of warm rectified spirit in a 1 litre bolt-head flask, and add a warm solution of 42 g. of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 50 ml. of water. Mix thoroughly and run in a solution of 30 g. of sodium hydroxide in 40 ml. of water. Allow the mixture to stand for 2-5 hours, add 250 g. of crushed ice, and saturate the solution with carbon dioxide. The aldoxime separates as an oil allow the mixture to stand for 12-24 hours in an ice chest or refrigerator when the oil will sohdify. Filter off the crystalline aldoxime at the pump, wash well with cold water, and dry in the air upon filter paper. The yield of veratraldoxime is 88 g. 

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