Research scientific

Some scientific investigations result in the development of technology that can improve our lives and the world around us. 

Real-World Reading Link Much of the information that scientists obtain through basic research is used to solve a specific problem or need. For example, 

X rays were discovered by scientists who were conducting basic research on electrical discharge through gases. Later, it was discovered that X rays could be used to diagnose medical problems. 

Every day in the media—through TV, newspapers, magazines, or the Internet—the public is bombarded with the results of scientific investigations. Many deal with the environment, medicine, or health. As a consumer, you are asked to evaluate the results of scientific research and development. How do scientists use qualitative and quantitative data to solve different types of scientific problems  

Scientists conduct pure research to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself Molina and Rowland were motivated by curiosity and, thus, conducted research on CFCs and their interactions with ozone as pure research. No environmental evidence at the time indicated that there was a correlation to their model in the stratosphere. Their research showed only that CFCs could speed the breakdown of ozone in a laboratory setting. 

Pure research is done to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself. Molina and Rowland s research on the behavior of CFCs— showing that in the lab CFCs could speed up the breakdown of ozone—was motivated by their curiosity and is an example of pure research. Applied research is undertaken to solve a specific problem. Scientists are conducting experiments to find chemicals to replace CFCs. These experiments are examples of appUed research. 

Study your lab assignment before you come to the lab. If you have any questions, be sure to ask your teacher for help. 

Do not perform experiments without your teacher s permission. Never work alone in the laboratory.  

Use the table on the inside front cover of this textbook to understand the safety symbols. Read all CAUTION statements. 

Safety goggles and a laboratory apron must be worn whenever you are in the lab. Gloves should be worn whenever you use chemicals that cause irritations or can be absorbed through the skin. Long hair must be tied back.  

Many discoveries in science are made quite unexpectediy. Aiexander Fieming is famous for making two such discoveries. The first occurred in 1922, when nasai mucus accidentaiiy dripped onto bacteria that he had been growing for research. Rather than throwing the cuiture piate away, he decided to observe it over the next severai days. He found that the bacteria died. As a resuit, he discovered that iysozyme, a chem-icai in mucus and tears, heips protect the body from bacteria. 

Six years iater, in 1928, Fieming found that one of his piates of Staphylococcus bacteria had been contaminated by a greenish moid, iater identified as Penicillium. He observed it carefuiiy and saw a ciear area around the moid where the bacteria had died, in this case, a chemicai in the moid—peni-ciiiin— was responsibie for kiiiing the bacteria. 

When the ozone hole was reported in 1985, scientists had made measurements of CFC levels in the stratosphere that supported the hypothesis that CFCs could be responsible for the depletion of ozone. The pure research done only for the sake of knowledge became applied research. Applied research is research undertaken to solve a specific problem. Scientists continue to monitor the amount of CFCs in the atmosphere and the annual changes in the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. Applied research also is being done to find replacement chemicals for the CFCs that are now banned. Read the Chemistry and Society feature at the end of this chapter to learn about research into the human genome. What type of research does it describe  

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S. Darhane, R. Drai - Scientific Research Centre in Welding and NDT CSC, Algeria. 

During many years in Scientific Research Institutes of Nuclear Physics and Introscopy at Tomsk Polytechnical University (TPU) researches into induction electron accelerators and their uses for non-destructive radiation quality control of materials and articles have been conducted. Control sensitivity and efficiency detection experimental researches have been conducted with the high-current stereo-betatron modifications [1], and KBC-25 M and BC-50 high-current betatrons [2,3] in range of 11 MeV and 25-50 MeV radiation energy. 

J. C. T. Kwak at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada. We gratefully acknowledge the Dutch Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) for a travel grant to S.O. Theo Rispens is most gratefully acknowledged for the synthesis and purification of 5.5a-c. 

Besides being used as a tool for scientific research, siUca aerogels can be the cause for new scientific phenomena. For example, the long-range correlations of the disorder in siUca aerogels are beheved to be responsible for the intriguing observations of the superfluid transitions in He and He and on the ordering of He— He mixtures (75). 

R. C. Elderfteld, Study of the British Continuous Tety/Process, Rpt. 661, Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), Washington, D.C., 1942. 

TNG Nutrition and Food Research Project No. B 84-1408, Report No. 91.039, Nethedands Institute for Applied Scientific Research, Delft, the Netherlands, 1991. 

USSR Pat. 253,349 (Sept. 30,1969) E. N. Matveeva and co-workers (to State Scientific Research Institute of Polymerized Plastics). 

From the time that isoprene was isolated from the pyrolysis products of natural mbber (1), scientific researchers have been attempting to reverse the process. In 1879, Bouchardat prepared a synthetic mbbery product by treating isoprene with hydrochloric acid (2). It was not until 1954—1955 that methods were found to prepare a high i i -polyisoprene which dupHcates the stmcture of natural mbber. In one method (3,4) a Ziegler-type catalyst of tri alkyl aluminum and titanium tetrachloride was used to polymerize isoprene in an air-free, moisture-free hydrocarbon solvent to an all i7j -l,4-polyisoprene. A polyisoprene with 90% 1,4-units was synthesized with lithium catalysts as early as 1949 (5). 

USSR SU 1,742,254 (June 23, 1992), S. T. Babaev and co-workers (to Scientific Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete). 

At least three types of citations in patents can be identified inventors citations found in the patent specification, examiners citations found on issued U.S. patents, and examiners citations found on pubHshed appHcations and granted patents from other countries. A patent inventor cites prior art in order to distance the invention from that art, rather than to show a close relationship. Whereas scientific researchers may want to show how closely they have built on what went before, for an inventor that can suggest anticipation or at least obviousness. Thus, citations within a patent typicaHy try to demonstrate the inadequacies of prior inventions and the uniqueness of the patentee s own work. References tied by this type of citation can be usefiil in developing a picture of the state of the art, but often show sharply differing technologies. 

USSR Pat. 197,598 (June 9, 1967), E. A. OboVrikova and co-workers (to All-Union Scientific Research Vitamin Institute). 

USSR Pat. 544,663 (1977) SMyarskii (to State Scientific Research and Design Institute of Polymeric Adhesives). 

USSR Pat. 1,466,781 (Mar. 23, 1989), F. R. Ismagilov and co-workers (to Volga-Ural Scientific Research Institute for the Extracting and Processing of Hydrogen Sulfide Gas). 

USSR Pat. 1,484,847 (June 7, 1989), Y. N. Tsibizov and co-workers (to Central Scientific Research Institute of the Wool Industry,... 

USSR Pat. 591,467 (Feb. 5, 1978), A. P. Zuev and co-workers (to S. Ordzhonikidze, All-Union Scientific Research Chemical-Pharmaceutical Institute). 

Radiometric detection technology offers high sensitivity and specificity for many appUcations in scientific research. The radioactive emission of the labeled compound is easily detected and does not suffer from interference from endogenous radioactivity in the sample. Because of this unique property, labeled compounds can be used as tracers to study the localization, movement, or transformation of molecules in complex experimental systems. 

A radioisotope is an atom the nucleus of which is not stable and which decays to a more stable state by the emission of various radiations. Radioactive isotopes, also called nucHdes or radionucHdes, are important to many areas of scientific research, as well as ia medical and iadustrial appHcations (see... 

General support for science and technology remains strong in the United States (19,20), but actual financial support for scientific research remains under increased pressure from competing critical needs, including health cate, crime prevention, education, pollution control, and national defense. 

USSR Pat. 194,261 (fune 15, 1974), E. M. Dikanskaya (to All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Protein Biosynthesis). 

In the past century, the brewing industry has been using scientific research in order to carry out brewing with increased proficiency and confidence. Louis Pasteur of Erance (4) and Emil Chr. Hansen of Denmark did much to elucidate the mysteries of fermentation. 

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