Pipeline, repair

Because they are very quiet, and because they are inherently more efficient than diesel or other i.c. power plants, fuel cells have long been regarded by the navies of the United States, Germany, Canada, Australia, and Sweden as an attractive means of propelling small submersibles (such as unmanned underwater vehicles used for marine research, pipeline repair, salvage, and exploration), and even full-size submarines. 

The only alternative to the adhesive method for underwater pipelines repair is replacement. The cost of construction of underwater mains crossing large rivers amounts to 10-50 million dollars. The cost of repair by the adhesive method is 10-50 thousand dollars. These data were obtained for repair of pipeline junctions through the Volga, Yenisei, and Moscow rivers, and for operations in the Okhotsk Sea, in swamps near the river Goiyn (Belarus), in Bulgaria (Stevis Corporation), and from other projects. 

Goertzen, W.K. and Kessler, M.R. (2007) Dynamic mechanical analysis of car-bon/epoxy composites for stmctural pipeline repair. Composites Part B, 38, 1-9. 

Pipe-laying, pipeline repair and maintenance, pipeline removal, etc. HSE/MCA/ MAIB HSE HSE/MCA/ MAIB HSE... 

Pipeline Safety Gas and Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Repair, Issued by Research and Special Programs Administration (DOT-USA)... 

A combination of composite materials in conjunction with steel was introduced into the pipeline industry in the 1980s, when the application of composites overlaying steel sleeve became a standard for pipeline repairs. One of the most notable applications is that resulting from the collaborative efforts of Emon and the Gas Researeh Institute (GRl) in 1991, which resulted in installation of SSLP in their system. After eight years in service, the SSLP was inspected, and was verified to be in the same condition as in its initial state. Later on, TransCanada Pipelines Inc. also ventured into the use of SSLP pipes in several projects in 1998, 2001 and 2002 (Stephen, 2005). 

Nowadays, the use of FRP materials instead of the traditionally used steel sleeves for repair and rehabilitation of pipes has become quite popular. The most commonly used FRP pipeline repair materials consist of fibers such as glass and carbon, whereas the most commonly used resin is epoxy. FRP, with a combination of glass fibers and epoxy resin, is mostly used in the pipeline industry due to the following characteristics ... 

Advanced Waterproof Technologies (2005) AqauWrap pipeline repair (online). Available at http //ridwater.com/aqua-wrap.htm, retrieved October 2011. 

Citadel Technologies (2007) BlackDiamond pipeline repair, available online http //www. cittech.com/prdblackdiamond.html, retrieved October, 2011. 

Tecma Pipeline Services (2009) Clockspring pipeline repair , available at http //www. 

Pipeline repairs need to be performed by qualified personnel. ASME B31.il recommends using the following publication of the American Petroleum Institute as a guideline API RPllll Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Off-shore Hydrocarbon Pipeline and Risers (Third Edition 1999). 

Plugs are sometimes used in pipeline repair they create a vapor barrier when a line has been isolated and depressured, but has not been completely cleared of flammable, combustible, or toxic materials. Expandable plugs are also used to isolate sections of gravity drain systems such as sewers. Examples include plumbers plugs— which consist of two parallel disks that compress an elastic material together to form a seal on the inside diameter of the pipe—and inflatable bladders— which are inflated either pneumatically or hydraulically... 

This chapter will discuss the history of the use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for internal repair of concrete pipelines, with a focus on the design, materials, installation, and quality control for this trenchless pipeline repair and upgrade method. 

The use of fiber-reinforced composite materials for pipeline repairs was developed during work at Southwest Research Institute and Battelle in the late 1980s (Fawley, 1994 Stephens and Kilinski, 1994). There are two basic types of composite repair systems preformed (composite sleeves) and wet lay-up (composite wraps). The first commercially available system was Clock Spring , which consists of an E-glass/polyester resin-based composite material preformed into a multilayer coil that is installed using an adhesive (Figure 4.4). 

The use of wet lay-up systems for pipeline repair began in the early 1990s. These wet lay-up systems use either a resin-impregnated cloth that is activated by water in the field or a cloth that is saturated with epoxy resin in the field (Figure 4.5). The early... 

Table 4.1 is an excerpt from the Pipehne Research Council International (PRCI) Pipeline Repair Manual (Jaske et al., 2006), which provides an overview of pipeline... 

The use of full-encirclement steel sleeves for pipeline repair is a relatively mature technology. As a result, relatively little is written about the use of steel sleeves compared to the use of composites where new products are continually introduced. 

Bruce, W.A., March 2001. Selecting an appropriate procedure for welding onto in-service pipelines. In International Conference on Pipeline Repairs. Welding Technology Institute of Australia, Wollongong, AustraUa. 

Jaske, C.E., Hart, B.O., Bruce, W.A., August 8,2006. Pipeline repair manual. In Final Report to Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., Contract PR-186—0324. DNV/CC Technologies, Inc. and Edison Welding Institute. 

Duell, J.M., Wilson, J.M., Kessler, M.R., 2008. Analysis of carbon composite overwrap pipeline repair system. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85, 782—788. 

Shamsuddoha, M., Islam, M.M., Aravinthan, T., Manalo, A., Lau, K., 2013. Effectiveness of using fibre-reinforced polymer composites for underwater steel pipeline repairs. Composite Stmctures 100, 40—54. 

Use of Clock Spring as a permanent means of pipeline repair... 

The distinctions between different types of composites used for pipeline repair are important and must be understood to ensure the composite repair selected will meet the rigorous specifications demanded by sound engineering, testing, and analysis. 

For high-pressure pipeline repair applications, unidirectional alignment of the reinforcing glass and the pultmsion process has clear advantages. 

GRI-92/0507 Long Term Reliability of Gas Pipeline Repairs by Reinforced Composites. Report It showed (in Secrion 5.2 Adhesive Test Data pl08) that for Clock Spring the thinnest adhesive layers provided the best adhesive performance in tensile tests, 1992. 

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