Foundational Research

Soon after the original work was published, unique properties of the new biopolymer were discovered, which proved it different from other similar glycosaminoglycans. According to Meyer and Palmer, the isolated polysaccharide contained uronic acids and amino sugars, as well as pentose, and was not sulfated [1], They also decided that the molecular mass of the repeatable unit is approximately 450 Da. It was later proved that HA in fact does not contain sulfate groups or pentose. It was also established that the molecular mass of the repeatable disaccharide residue is 397 Da. 

Over the next 10 years, Meyer and other authors isolated hyaluronan from various animal organs. For example, the polysaccharide was found in joint fluid, the umbilical cord and recently it has become possible to extract HA from almost all vertebrate tissues. In 1937, F. Kendall isolated hyaluronan from the capsules of streptococci groups A and C. This work had great scientific and practical importance, as today streptococci groups are the most economical and reliable source for the industrial production of hyaluronic acid [3]. 

The discovery of enzymes that could selectively break down hyaluronan opened the door for the establishment of the polysaccharide molecule s chemical structure. In those days, a powerful tool for analysing the structure of polysaccharides such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy NMR was not known. At the present time, NMR makes it possible to determine the monosaccharide biopolymer residue s composition, centres for substitution reactions, sequence and three-dimensional structure. 

In 1943 E. A. Balazs and L. Filler published a paper in which they described a study of role of hyaluronan in dog knee joints. They found that the intercellular substance of connective tissue of the synovium contains sufficient viscous mucin that can replace the mucin removed from the knee [5]. These observations literally opened the door to further studies on the role of hyaluronan in normal and traumatic joints. In 1949, C. Ragan and K. Mayer published a very important paper in which they described the observation of hyaluronan in rheumatoid synovial fluid. This was the first study in which normal and pathological synovial fluids were compared by determination of the concentration and viscosity of hyaluronan [6]. 

In the short period between 1948 and 1951, several chemists initiated research to elucidate the structure of hyaluronic acid. In 1948 A. Dorfinan published the first results of a kinetics of fermentative hydrolysis of hyaluronan [7]. Three years later in 1951, A.G. Ogston and J.E. Stanier published the first significant data about the structure of the HA macromolecule in aqueous solution. They found that the relationship between viscosity 

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Freeman, Kerr Manufacturing Co. in ECT3rd ed., Vol. 7, pp. 461—521, by G. C. Paffenbarger and N. W. Rupp, American Dental Association Health Foundation, Research Unit, National Bureau of Standards. 

Research on Fe-S proteins in the Johnson laboratory is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (GM45597 and GM51962) and by a National Science Foundation Research Training Grant Award to the Center for Metalloenzyme Studies (BIR-9413236). 

L. H. Germer and A. U. MacRae, A new low electron diffraction technique having possible applications to catalysis, The Robert A. Welch Foundation Research Bulletin, 1961, No. 11. 

NSF. 1976. Behavior of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere and its effects on vegetation. Report to the National Science Foundation, Research Applied to National Needs, Washington, DC, by Thompson RC, California University, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, Riverside, CA. Report no. NSF/RA-760398. NTIS publication no. PB-262733. 

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the skillful and dedicated efforts of our co-workers whose names are to be found among the references and whose achievements have provided the basis of this review. We are also grateful to N.A.T.O. for the provision of Research Grant Number 1559 which has enabled us to collaborate in the production of this article. Our work has been supported by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Petroleum Research Fund, the Guggenheim Foundation, the Sloan Foundation, Research Corporation, Western Fher Company, Eli Lilly Company, and University of Puerto Rico (WA), and by the Science Research Council (AJB). 

The graduate students and postdoctoral research associates, all of whom have the author s deepest thanks, are cited in the references. Special thanks are due to Dr. M. L. H. Green and his research group for the work on molecular intercalation. The generosity of funding from the National Science Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. The author is a Sloan Foundation Research Fellow and the recipient of a Research Career Development Award of the National Institute of Health. 

Enlightening conversations with Dr. Elaine Rich (Department of Computer Science, University of Texas) are gratefully acknowledged. Mr. James Wells wrote the Pascal programs which allow input and output via mnemonic strings of characters. This research was sponsored in part by the Robert A. Welch Foundation, Research Corporation, and NSF (MCS-8122039). Additional support was provided by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship to RAL. 

I thank Warren Beck for help with the preparation of the figures and Warren Beck and Lynmarie Thompson for helpful comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM32715). G.W.B. is the recipient of a Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher/Scholar Award (1985-1990) and an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellowship (1986-1988). 

The authors wish to thank Mr. H. Hurwitz of this laboratory for making available to us unpublished ruby results upon which much of the above is based. We are also particularly grateful to Dr. Donna Price and Dr. S. J. Jacobs for their very substantial contributions to the effort. The work was done under NOL Foundational Research Task FR-44. 

The authors are indebted to Dr. R. H. Jagow of the Aerojet-General Corporation who suggested the least-squares treatment and ran some preliminary least-squares fits on the ruby results. For pointing out useful references, editing preliminary drafts, and for many helpful discussions, we are also most grateful to Dr. S. J. Jacobs, Dr. Donna Price, Dr. J. E. Ablard, Mr. H. Hurwits, Mr. F. Petrone, and Mr. N. L. Cole-bum of these laboratories. The work was done under NOL> Foundational Research Task FR-44. 

Heart Foundation Research Center, Griffith University, Parklands Drive,... 

Heart Foundation Research Center, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia T.C. Wan, W.-M. Kwok, and J.A. Auchampach... 

M.M. Hirschler (Technical Coordinator) et al., Fire and Transportation Vehicles—State of the Art Regulatory Requirements and Guidelines—A White Paper, Fire Protection Research Foundation Research Advisory Council on Transportation Vehicles, Quincy, MA, October, 2004. 

We thank J. Lucke for computer programming and C. Holley for secretarial assistance. This research was financed in part by National Science Foundation Research Grants. 

Apart from interested parties (such as the retailers already mentioned), there are disinterested parties, notably charitable foundations, research councils and government. 

Sugar Research Foundation, Research Report on Sucrose Ester Surfactants, New York, N. Y 1961. 

In 1946, he was appointed Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the University of San Francisco, California. Even with a heavy teaching load, he found time to do research which was conducted under something less than desirable conditions. In order to get to his laboratory from his office, he had to push his desk into a comer, lift a trap door, and climb down a ladder to the laboratory. Despite these handicaps, he published five papers in the year that he held the post. In 1947, Karabinos returned to St. Procopius College, Lisle, Illinois, but this time as Professor and Head of the Chemistry Department, a position that he held from 1947-1949. In 1949, he became a Chemical Foundation Research Associate with C. S. Hudson, at the (then) National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. There, Karabinos was involved in the preparation of higher-carbon sugars by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. Often, one of his roles in this effort was to obtain, at the factory, commercially produced liquid hydrogen cyanide in Dewar flasks... 

We are grateful to R. N. Caron for laboratory work to S. T. Free, M. W. Zacharias, and J. M. Lopez for modeling calculations and to Inland Steel Research Laboratories for petrographic analyses. We are also grateful for financial support provided by the National Science Foundation, Research Applied to National Needs (RANN), under Contract AER 75-13673 by the United States Department of Energy, University Affairs Section of the Division of Materials and Exploratory Research, under Contract No. EX-76-A-01-2295, T.O. No. 26 by the Mobil Research Foundation, Inc. and by the National Science Foundation, through an Energy Traineeship to E.M.S. 

This research is supported in part by the Electric Power Research Institute (Contract 741011-RP-332-1) and the National Science Foundation (Grant MPS75-05364). The purchase of the FTIR spectrometer was supported in part by a National Science Foundation Research Instrument Grant (GP-41711). 

Promotion Foundation, Research Grant from the Naito Foundation for Medical Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (06680773) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (06253218, 06276218,07268221,07279242, 08249240 and 08260220) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. M.M is a Research Fellow of the Japan Society of the Promotion of Science. 

This study was supported by the Pepka and Dr. Moshe Bergman Memorial Fund and by research grants from the Faculties of Medicine and Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel (M.C.) The Austrian Organization of the Friends of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the Fond zur Forderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF), Vienna (M.C.) and in part by Binational Science Foundation Research Grant 95-00324/3 from US-lsrael Binational Science Foundation (M.C.). 

JKF (Japan-Korea Industrial Technology Co-operation Foundation) researcher, 16-3 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japtan... 

Summers, R.S., Cummings, L., DeMarco,., et al. (1992). Standardised protocol for the evaluation of GAC. American Water Works Association Research Foundation Research Report No. 90615. 

Heart foundation Research Centre, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, PMB 50 Gold Coast Mail Centre, Queensland, 9726, Australia... 

Support from the National Science Foundation (Research Grant 0234895) and the National Institutes of Health (P20-GM 067650) is gratefully acknowledged. 

This research was supported by National Science Foundation research grant DMB 85-00338. We thank Dr. Richard W. Hemingway for the samples of the dimers. 

This work was supported by National Science Foundation research grant PCM 81-18197. 

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (CHE-0112658) and the Alfred R Sloan Foundation (Research Fellowship). 

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