Laboratory research

The radiation and temperature dependent mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials (modulus and loss) are of great interest throughout the plastics, polymer, and rubber from initial design to routine production. There are a number of laboratory research instruments are available to determine these properties. All these hardness tests conducted on polymeric materials involve the penetration of the sample under consideration by loaded spheres or other geometric shapes [1]. Most of these tests are to some extent arbitrary because the penetration of an indenter into viscoelastic material increases with time. For example, standard durometer test (the "Shore A") is widely used to measure the static "hardness" or resistance to indentation. However, it does not measure basic material properties, and its results depend on the specimen geometry (it is difficult to make available the identity of the initial position of the devices on cylinder or spherical surfaces while measuring) and test conditions, and some arbitrary time must be selected to compare different materials. 

The control chart is set up to answer the question of whether the data are in statistical control, that is, whether the data may be retarded as random samples from a single population of data. Because of this feature of testing for randomness, the control chart may be useful in searching out systematic sources of error in laboratory research data as well as in evaluating plant-production or control-analysis data. ... 

The most subjective of the words which (1 hope) describe this book is interesting. The fascinating behavior of polymers themselves, the clever experiments of laboratory researchers, and the elegant work of the theoreticians add up to an interesting total. 1 have tried to tell about these topics with clarity and enthusiasm, and in such a way as to make them intelligible to students. 1 can only hope that the reader agrees with my assessment of what is interesting. 

B. McClenny, Compendium Method TO-16, U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1996. 

Organometahic methacrylate monomers containing tin, sihcon, germanium, lead, and titanium have become available in at least laboratory research quantities (65). 

Some very high resolution or ultrasensitive spectroscopies emerging as of ca 1996 were beam spectroscopy, multiphoton absorption and ionisation, and frequency-modulation spectroscopy (8). Most of these were used primarily for laboratory research as of the mid-1990s, but eventual appHcation to analytical or sensor appHcations is expected. 

Membrane filtration has been used in the laboratory for over a century. The earliest membranes were homogeneous stmctures of purified coUagen or 2ein. The first synthetic membranes were nitrocellulose (collodion) cast from ether in the 1850s. By the early 1900s, standard graded nitrocellulose membranes were commercially available (1). Their utihty was limited to laboratory research because of low transport rates and susceptibiUty to internal plugging. They did, however, serve a useflil role in the separation and purification of coUoids, proteins, blood sera, enzymes, toxins, bacteria, and vimses (2). 

Good heat transfer on the outside of the reactor tube is essential but not sufficient because the heat transfer is limited at low flow rates at the inside film coefficient in the reacting stream. The same holds between catalyst particles and the streaming fluid, as in the case between the fluid and inside tube wall. This is why these reactors frequently exhibit ignition-extinction phenomena and non-reproducibility of results. Laboratory research workers untrained in the field of reactor thermal stability usually observe that the rate is not a continuous function of the temperature, as the Arrhenius relationship predicts, but that a definite minimum temperature is required to start the reaction. This is not a property of the reaction but a characteristic of the given system consisting of a reaction and a particular reactor. 

Hicks, B. B., Wesely, M. L., and Durham, J. L., "Critique of Methods to Measure Dry DeposiHon—Workshop Summary," EPA-600/9-80-050. Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1980,... 

In order to control the movements of contaminants it is useful to be able to see how both the contaminant and the induced airflows move. A number of flow visualization methods have been developed some are more suitable for laboratory research applications whereas others are quite widely used in industrial situations. We are primarily interested in this latter category. The methods involve releasing a tracer (for example gas, aerosol, or heat) and making visible its path. While in most cases the methods are subjective, their use is invaluable. Ideally the tracer should be nontoxic, nonirritating, inexpensive, and highly visible at low concentrations. The system should be easily portable, self-contained, easy to use, and be controllable. 

Penta Manufacturing Pfanstiehl Laboratories Research Organics Spectiiim Chemical Mfg. 

The book is not a new edition of the Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds but an update of the 1976 edition with literature coverage from 1972 to 1991 The structure of the original book has been preserved, and it is assumed that its users are familiar with the 1976 edition, which was reprinted by Ellis Horwood in 1992 and to which numerous references are made The book will be useful especially to organic fluorine chemists engaged in laboratory research... 

First solar cell developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories researchers. 

Mercer, A. D., Laboratory Research in the Development and Testing of Inhibited Coolants in Boiling Heat Transfer Conditions , in Engine Coolant Testing Slate of the Art 1979. ASTM STP 705, W. H. Ailor, ed., 53-80 (1980)... 

Manual of Analytical Methods, J. F. Thompson, Ed. Quality Assurance Section, Chemistry Branch, EPA, Environmental Toxicology Division, Pesticides, Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. 

CAUTION Contains a new drug for investigational use only in laboratory research animals, or for tests in vitro. Not for use in humans or... 

Clinical trials must be conducted to establish safety in each target animal species which, in the majority of cases, will include food-producing species. Although the same types of animal may be involved in both pre-clinical and clinical trials, dear distinctions can be drawn between each type of study. Pre-clinical studies are only conducted in animals that are kept for the purposes of laboratory research, and that are usually maintained in a very controlled environment. Clinical trials, on the other hand, are conducted in animals that are representative of the normal conditions (field conditions) and purposes for which they are maintained. 

In the electronics industry, a large number of relatively small firms play a key role in generating new process concepts and equipment. These firms face important research problems in fundamental science and engineering that would benefit markedly from the insights of academic chemical engineering researchers. Academic researchers should seek out and forge links to these small firms that stand at the crucial step between laboratory research and production processes. Potential mechanisms for accomplishing this are described in Chapter 10. 

In animal species commonly used in laboratory research, social aggregation and dispersion are achieved by agonistic behavior patterns with various acts, postures, movements, and signals. Confrontations between a territorial resident and an intmder, between a dominant and lower-ranking group member, between rival males or females, between a lactating female and a... 

These measurements have been demonstrated to achieve results comparable to laboratory research grade rheometers. Unfortunately, current commercially available MRI systems are almost all built around large, superconducting, high-field magnets. The costs of these systems have precluded widespread utilization of MRI based sensors in industry. 

Molecule and Life Nonlinear Sciences Laboratory, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan... 

For over three decades, laboratory research has shown caffeine to be effective at mobilizing calcium in skeletal muscle. In vitro experiments have amply demonstrated that caffeine lowers the excitability threshold and extends the length of muscular contractions via calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.1012 Caffeine also inhibits calcium reuptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, perpetuating calcium availability for muscle work.1318 Also, caffeine promotes increased twitch tension development in muscles.1718... 

Somewhat of a dichotomy exists in the research literature pertaining to caffeine s ergogenic potential to enhance short-term, intense exercise. In general, laboratory research (in vitro/in situ) has consistently demonstrated positive results related to caffeine s ability to generate increased muscular force. Human studies have consistently been suggestive of no significant effects on short-term, high intensity performance. There have been a... 

New processes, developed from laboratory research, through pilot plant, to a commercial process. Even here, most of the unit operations and process equipment will use established designs. 

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