Electro-active polymers

Mastragostino, M. In Applications of Electro active Polymers, Scrosati, B., Ed. Chapman Hall London, 1993. 

In the context of complex interfaces, in situ measurements, such as in situ electrochemistry, are now becoming established, and a recent example of this development is the work of Hillman et on the structure of electro-active polymer bilayers. Higher fluxes, and the ability to use smaller sample areas will greatly facilitate the further development of this area of application. 

Almost naturally, CW EPR spectroscopy can also contribute to rmderstanding the electronic properties of polymers that are envisioned for application in the fields of polymer electronics (e.g., [98,99]) and photovoltaics (e.g., [100-102]). Unlike in the smdies highlighted before, in these cases aU materials are EPR active and paramagnetic probes do not have to be added. Going beyond the conventional use of simple CW EPR spectroscopy to study electronic defects, Van Doorslaer, Goovaerts, Groenen, and coworkers have used multifrequency (X-, Q-, and W-band) EPR techniques such as HYSCORE and pulse ENDOR (see Sect. 2.1) to elucidate the extension of polarons in films of electro-active polymers [103]. 

Bar-Cohen Y (2002) Electro-active polymers current capabilities and challenges. Proc SPIE 4695 1... 

Wang XL, Oh IK, Lu J, Ju J, Lee S (2007) Biomimetic electro-active polymer based on sulfonated poly (styrene-bethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene). Mater Lett 61 5117 Nemat-Nasser S (2002) Micromechanics of actuation of ionic polymer-metal composites. 

Graf C, Maas J, Schapeler D (2010) Energy harvesting cycles based on electro active polymers. Proc SPIE 7642 764217-1-764217-12... 

It took us to pull this book together about six years after we have had the IROS 2006 Tutorial Session on Electro-Active Polymers for Use in Robotics in October 2006 in Beijing, China. We hope that you will find the final outcome is worth the wait - Kwang, Xiaobo and HR. 

The characteristics and bending performance of the novel electroactive polymer blend P(3HB)/cellulose in terms of free bending displacement output, electrical power consumption and lifetime were studied by Zhijiang et al. Cellulose is a potential smart material which responds to an ith electric field. Electro-active polymer (EAP) was prepared by dissolving cellulose and P(3HB) in trifluoroacetic acid. The solution was cast to form a film followed by the deposition of a thin gold electrode on both sides of the film. 

This chapter was adapted from in part, by permission, M. Otake, M. Inaba and H. Inoue, Kinematics of Gel Robots made of Electro-Active Polymer PAMPS Gel , Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp.488-493, 2000 M. Otake, Y. Kagami, M. Inaba, and H. Inoue, Dynamics of Gel Robots made of Electro-Active Polymer Gel , Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 1458-1462, 2001 M. Otake, Y. Nakamura, and H. Inoue, Pattern Formation Theory for Electroactive Polymer Gel Robots , Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp.2782-2787, 2004. 

This chapter was adapted from in part, by permission, M. Otake, M. Inaba, and H. Inoue. Development of Gel Robots made of Electro-Active Polymer PAMPS Gel , Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics, vol.2, pp.788-793, 1999. 

In this section, it was shown that a method to solve inverse kinematics of gel robots made of electro-active polymer gel. As a first step, a method was proposed to control the tip position of a manipulator entirely made of electro-active... 

Bar-Cohen, Y., Leary, S., Shahinpoor, M., et al. (1999) Electro-active polymer (EAP) actuators for planetary applications. Proceedings of the SPIE conference on Smart Structures and Materials, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices, Newport Beach, 3669, 57-63. 

Yoon, W.J., Reinhall, P.G., Seibel, E.I., Analysis of electro-active polymer bending A component in a low cost ultra thin scanning endoscope. Sensors and Actuators A Physical, 133, 2, 506-17, (2007). 

Goettsche, T., Schumacher, A., Zengerle, R., et al. (2007) Highly Integrated Oral Drug Delivery System With Valve Based On Electro-Active-Polymer, Conference on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems 2007 (MEMS07), 21-25 January 2007, Kobe, Japan, 461-4. 

Based on an historical perspective, we begin our discussion with classical studies aimed at the compatibility and miscibihty of polymer chains with different chemical natures, because fluorescent studies have contributed significantly to understanding of the behavior of polymer blends. The middle part of the chapter is concerned with dilute polymer solutions whose properties reflect the behavior of isolated chains. Then the discussion is extended to concentrated solutions and polymer melts. The next part is related to the topic of associating polymers from a different viewpoint than that adopted in the other chapters of this book. Finally, we have added some comments on fluorescence studies of photo(electro)active polymers, because this field is a hot topic in contemporary polymer research. 

Electro-active polymer gels as artificial muscles... 

From electro-active polymer gel to electro-active elastomer with large deformation... 

Hirai T, Jianming Zheng and Watanabe M, Proc. of SPIE, SPIE s 6th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, Electro-active Polymer Actuators and Devices, 3669, 209 (1999). 

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