Maleic anhydride styrene

Billiani and co-workers [90] observed that pyrolysis of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and styrene diethyl maleate at 450 °C produced products of toluene, ethyl benzene, styrene monomer from the maleic anhydride and diethyl fumarate copolymers and styrene oligomers from the styrene diethyl maleate copolymers. 

Incorporated maleic anhydride units degraded at temperatures 80 lower than the degradation temperatures for the polymer backbone. 

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When a 0.8006-g sample of a poly(styrene/maleic anhydride) copolymer was prepared in the same manner, the following results were obtained... 

Styrene—maleic anhydride copolymer [9011-13-6] engineering thermoplastics, paper treatment chemicals, floor poHshes, emulsifiers, protective coUoids, antisoil agents, dispersants... 

Low molecular weight (1000—5000) polyacrylates and copolymers of acryflc acid and AMPS are used as dispersants for weighted water-base muds (64). These materials, 40—50% of which is the active polymer, are usually provided in a Hquid form. They are particularly useful where high temperatures are encountered or in muds, which derive most of their viscosity from fine drill soHds, and polymers such as xanthan gum and polyacrylamide. Another high temperature polymer, a sulfonated styrene maleic—anhydride copolymer, is provided in powdered form (65,66). AH of these materials are used in relatively low (ca 0.2—0.7 kg/m (0.5—2 lb /bbl)) concentrations in the mud. 

Other blends of polycarbonate have limited markets so far. The most significant blends are with polyurethanes, polyetherimides, acrylate—styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA), acrylonitrile—ethylene—styrene (AES), and styrene—maleic anhydride (SMA). 

A commercially important example of the special case where one monomer is the same in both copolymers is blends of styrene—acrylonitrile, 1 + 2, or SAN copolymers with styrene—maleic anhydride, 1 + 3, or SMA copolymers. The SAN and SMA copolymers are miscible (128,133,144) so long as the fractions of AN and MA are neatly matched, as shown in Figure 4. This suggests that miscibility is caused by a weak exothermic interaction between AN and MA units (128,133) since miscibility by intramolecular repulsion occurs in regions where 02 7 can be shown (143) by equation 11. 

Fig. 4. Miscibihty map for blends of styrene—acrylonitrile copolymers (SAN), with styrene—maleic anhydride copolymers (SMA).

Styrene—maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers are used where improved resistance to heat is required. Processes similar to those used for SAN copolymers are used. Because of the tendency of maleic anhydride to form alternating copolymers with styrene, composition drift is extremely severe unless the polymerization is carried out in CSTR reactors having high degrees of back-mixing. 

Most of the surface sizes used in North America are modified styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers. Commercially available materials include Scripset (Monsanto/Hercules Inc.), Cypres (Cytec), Sursize (Akzo Nobel), MSA (Morton), NovaCote (Georgia Pacific), and HTl (Hopton Technologies). Styrene acrylate emulsions that are commonly used include Jetsize and Unibond (Akzo Nobel), Basoplast (BASF), and Cypres (Cytec). Other materials used as surface sizes include acrylonitrile acrylate copolymer (Basoplast, BASF), stearylated melamine resin (Sequapel, Sequa), polyurethane (Graphsize, Vining Chemicals), and diisobutylene maleic anhydride copolymers (Baysynthol, Bayer). 

Modifications of epichlorohydrin elastomers by radical-induced graft polymeri2ation have been reported. Incorporated monomers include styrene and acrylonitrile, styrene, maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, and vinyHdene chloride (81), acryHc acid (82), and vinyl chloride (81,83,84). When the vinyl chloride-modified epichlorohydrin polymers were used as additives to PVC, impact strength was improved (83,84). 

Heat-stable, nonvolatile surfactants faciUtate processing. Resins with surfactant properties, such as styrene maleic anhydride resins, have sometimes been employed (95). 

Engineering resins can be combined with either other engineering resins or commodity resins. Some commercially successhil blends of engineering resins with other engineering resins include poly(butylene terephthalate)—poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycarbonate—poly(butylene terephthalate), polycarbonate—poly(ethylene terephthalate), polysulfone—poly (ethylene terephthalate), and poly(phenylene oxide)—nylon. Commercial blends of engineering resins with other resins include modified poly(butylene terephthalate), polycarbonate—ABS, polycarbonate—styrene maleic anhydride, poly(phenylene oxide)—polystyrene, and nylon—polyethylene. 

In order to obtain the desired photoconductive characteristics, toughness and adherence to the substrate it is usual to incorporate additives such as electron acceptors, plasticisers and primers. A typical electron acceptor is 2,4,7-trinitro-fluoronone, plasticisers include benzyltetraline and phenanthrene whilst as primers styrene-butadiene block copolymers (30-35% styrene) and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers (5-30% maleic anhydride) are of use. 

An interesting application of this reaction was the use of macro-molecular anhydrides, namely, styrene-maleic anhydride or vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymers in the presence of perchloric acid as catalyst, these copolymers acylate mesityl oxide or d rpnone to macromolecular pyrylium salts which, with aryl substituents, are fluorescent.No crystalline products could be obtained from succinic anhydride because of the solubility and ease of decarboxylation. 

Styrene acrylonitrile Styrene butadiene Styrene maleic anhydride Styrene methyl methacrylate Thermoplastic urethane, rigid... 

Styrene maleic anhydride SMA is a copolymer made with or without rubber modifiers. They are sometimes alloyed with ABS and offer good heat resistance, high impact strength and gloss but with little appreciable improvement in weatherability or chemical resistance over other styrene based plastics. 

NOTE PAA = Polyacrylic acid or sodium salt SHMP = Sodium hexametaphosphate SSMA = Sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride... 

The maleic copolymer, sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride... 

Wietek s work has been done on styrene-maleic anhydride. A further application is in recovery of PVC from wiring harnesses. 

Styrene-maleic anhydride-siloxane copolymer Improved impact resistance... 

Hydroxyl containing polymers may be cross-linked with diisocyanates. Fordyce and Ferry cross-linked styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers through the action of glycols. The copolymerization of divinyl with vinyl monomers may be looked upon as a method of cross-linking chain polymers. The cross-linkages are introduced simultaneously with the growth of the linear polymer chains, rather than afterwards, but this difference is secondary. 

Synthetic polymers and natural polymers suitable for drilling muds are listed in Tables 1-7 and 1-8, respectively. Polyacrylamides are eventually hydrolyzed in the course of time and temperature. This leads to a lack of tolerance toward electrolyte contamination and to a rapid degradation inducing a loss of their properties. Modifications of polyacrylamide structures have been proposed to postpone their thermal stability to higher temperatures. Monomers such as AMPS or sulfonated styrene/maleic anhydride can be used to prevent acrylamide comonomer from hydrolysis [92]. 

Corrosion inhibiting compositions for metals subjected to highly acidic environments may be produced by reacting in a condensation reaction a styrene/ maleic anhydride copolymer with a polyamine to produce a polyimidoamine inhibitor [1568]. These inhibitors exhibit film-forming and film-persistency characteristics. Some relevant polyamines are listed in Table 6-2. 

A mixture of sulfonated styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and polymers prepared from acrylic acid or acrylamide and their derivatives [759] are dispersants for drilling fluids. The rheologic characteristics of aqueous well drilling fluids are enhanced by incorporating into the fluids small amounts of sulfonated styrene-itaconic acid copolymers [761] and an acrylic acid or acrylamide polymer [755]. 

P. Schilling. Polyamine condensates of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers as corrosion inhibitors. Patent US 5391636,1995. 

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