Literature searches

Step 5. Search literature for closely related structural analogs of substance of interest... 

Step 6. If analogs are available, search literature 1 measured absorption data on analogs... 

The task of acquiring and searching literature 1n the field of teratology is presently beyond the capability of most researchers or institutions. This information sometimes is difficult to locate because 1t is widely scattered throughout the biomedical literature and often Is found in toxicological articles whose titles do not mention the teratology Information included. 

Contemporary science, particularly the biosciences, is afflicted by a flood of information that can only be coped with by focusing one s interests and exploiting modern methods of literature searching. literature searches are essentially of two types retrospective, and current awareness. In the former case, searches will usually be based on printed or CD-stored versions of commercial information services in the latter, computer-based literature searches are the method of choice. 

Searching Other Data. Data other than structures and reactions must also be searched in the drug discovery process. Various systems exist for indexing and searching literature and journal contents (88), patents... 

Chronic Toxicity. No human or animal studies examining the effects of lewisite following chronic exposure were located in the searched literature. 

There arc sirnilar problems with interpenetration when searching literature, as pointed out by Batten [IS], Interpenetration will refer to rr... 

Online ordering service of many hosts to order online copies of original documents at different libraries or database producers. It is possible to refer directly to an answer set of a search. Literature which is not retrieved online must be ordered by specification of title, author and source. 

I want to thank Mr. Ramon Khanna and Mr. Donatas AkmanaviCius from Springer for their excellent cooperation. The NASA ADS provides a wonderful tool for searching literature and some introductory remarks are based on information found in the WIKIPEDIA—I want to thank the many unknown authors who contribute to that encyclopedia. 

The only density estimators discussed in the protein literature are histogram estimates. However, these are nonsmooth and thus not suitable for global optimization techniques that combine local and global search. Moreover, histogram estimates have, even for an optimally chosen bin size, the extremely poor accuracy of only, for a sample of size n. The theo-... 

Most database users do not know how the data are organized in a database system (DBS) they depend solely on the application programs. This is sufficient for most database searches where users can receive large amounts of results quickly and easily, e.g., on literature or other information. Nevertheless, a basic knowledge on where and how to find deeper or more detailed information is quite useful. Due to their complex nature, comprehensive searches (e.g., for processes or patents) are not recommended for beginners. However, most local (in-house), online, and CD-ROM databases provide extensive tutorials and help functions that are specific to the database, and that give a substantial introduction into database searching. 

Thus, if the user wants to look for literature including requested chemicals or reactions, it is possible to query the database by the first option Chemical Substance or Reaction , The compound can be entered as a query in three different ways drawing the chemical structure in a molecule editor (Chemical Structure) searching by names or identification number, such as the CAS Number (Structure Identifier) and searching by molecular formula (Figure 5-12). 

If the query provides thousands of hits, the analyze features are particularly advantageous. One method is to analyze the results by any of the criteria that arc listed, c.g., by language (default), author names, journals, puhlication year, and so on. If one specification is selected and the choice is modified, the hit list will be updated. A more specific analysis is available with the Refine" option. where the user has the opportunity to choose one of eight criteria (including the search topics above) with further individual input. Several refinements of the hit list can reduce the result to a concise list of literature. To read the abstract of an article, the microscope button (to the right of the citation) has to be pressed (Figure 5-15). 

Figure 5-14. The retrieval result of a name or literature search displayed in the Sci Finder Scholar window.

The reinaining five search topics (Research Topic, Author Name, Document Identifier, Company Namc/Organii ation, and Browse Table of Contents arc conducted in a similar fashion, with the input being the only difference between the criteria. Thus, in Research Topic" the entry can be any, or even several, keywords or phrases. In "Author Name", literature written by a specific author will be Found, including alternative spelling, Document Identifier" can also be entered directly in the query. Document identifiers arc CA abstract numbers, patent numbers, patent application numbers, or priority application numbers. The last two search topics (Company Name/Organi2ation, and Browse Table ofContents) allow one to search for literature from specific companies or to view the list of journals which are available in the database. 

In every step of the query, users can sec examples given by the program, in order to guide them through the literature search. Thus, a novice user can operate this system immediately. 

One reaction is found after performing this search it is shown in Figure 5-29. Analysis of the reaction conditions by retrieving the catalyst/solvent and conditions 011117, reading the given literature for more information, solves the problem... 

Search the literature for the experimental results for the H—O bond lengths and the H—O—H bond angle, and include a discussion of the comparison in your report. 

The reader is advised to start with this book and to then delve further into the computational literature pertaining to his or her specific work. It is impossible to reference all relevant works in a book such as this. The bibliography included at the end of each chapter primarily lists textbooks and review articles. These are some of the best sources from which to begin a serious search of the literature. It is always advisable to run several tests to determine which techniques work best for a given project. 

A major trend in organic synthesis, however, is the move towards complex systems. It may happen that one needs to combine a steroid and a sugar molecule, a porphyrin and a carotenoid, a penicillin and a peptide. Also the specialists in a field have developed reactions and concepts that may, with or without modifications, be applied in other fields. If one needs to protect an amino group in a steroid, it is advisable not only to search the steroid literature but also to look into publications on peptide synthesis. In the synthesis of corrin chromophores with chiral centres, special knowledge of steroid, porphyrin, and alkaloid chemistry has been very helpful (R.B. Woodward, 1967 A. Eschenmoser, 1970). 

Literature dealing with adsorbent—adsorbate interactions in Uquid phase is largely confined to patents (11—43). Although theoretical consistency tests exist for such data (44), the search for an adsorbent of suitable selectivity remains an art. 

A. D. Sloan and W. W. Happ, "Literature Search Dimensional Analysis," NMSM Rept. ERClCQD 68-631 (Aug. 1968). 

The definition of a drug differs between dictionaries and among the various professional specialisms. A search of the internet elicited various definitions and a paraphrase of the most memorable is a compound can be defined as a drug if, when injected into a rodent, it yields a scientific publication . Although this is a memorable definition, for the purposes of this review, however, a drug is defined broadly as a compound that has properties that influence the health of an animal when ingested or administered to that animal. A brief look at current literature will quickly convince the reader that this is a definition which covers man-made and natural compounds that can be extracted from plant material and microbes and iised. ... 

Other correlations exist and each is good for the particular range where the experimental measurements were made. For searching out other more appropriate correlations, the reader is referred to the copious literature and to the major books on reaction engineering. 

Testing conditions are not as constrained as for catalysts in an existing production unit, but other conditions may set some limits, like explosive range, start of a homogeneous reaction, corrosion, polymerization, etc. Literature should be searched for this limitation, in addition to other information on the main reaction. Literature gives much more information if interest is not limited to the main reaction but is extended to analogous processes as well. 

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