Trace element speciation

ICP-MS Multielement detection Trace elements Speciation Expensive [36]... 

L. Ebdon, L. Pitts, R. Comehs, H. Crews, O.F.X. Donard and Ph. Quevauviller (eds), Trace Element Speciation for Environment, Food, Health, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (2001). 

G.R. Batley (ed.), Trace Element Speciation Analytical Methods and Problems, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1987). 

FACTORS AFFECTING TRACE ELEMENT SPECIATION IN SOIL SOLUTION... 

Trace element speciation in soil solution is affected by total metal concentrations in soils. Free Cu2+ activity increases with total Cu content in soils from Quebec and New York (Sauve et al., 1997). Total free Cu activity in soils could be predicted from total Cu content and soil pH ... 

Carbonates, organic matter, Fe and Mn oxides, and clay minerals play important roles in controlling overall reactivity of trace elements in soils and sediments. This chapter addresses the interaction of trace elements with carbonates, organic matter, Fe and Mn oxides and clay minerals. Analytical techniques for trace element speciation in solid-phase and their distribution among various solid-phase components in arid and semi-arid soils are reviewed. Solubilities of trace elements in solid phases and their mineralogical characteristics in arid and semi-arid soils also are discussed. 

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR TRACE ELEMENT SPECIATION IN SOLID-PHASE... 

A USGS model for computing the major and trace element speciation and mineral saturation for natural waters. 

It is not possible to prescribe specific pretreatment procedures here because these can only be decided upon when the system and the purpose of the experiments has been properly defined. However, a wealth of information exist in various biochemical reference books on how to isolate various biological compounds. The recommended techniques and methods could be used as part of the trace element speciation protocol often after slight modification, taking into consideration the following points First, the trace element blank levels have to be low, less than 10% of the total concentration in the sample. Second, the regents used should not interfere with subsequent analytical determinations. Third, the experimental conditions should not deviate markedly from those found in vivo, especially the pH and ionic strength of the medium. 

Although the emphasis in this article has been on the discussion of toihniques and methods that can be used in the laboratory for the identification of species, increasing importance is being attached to computer simulation of trace element speciation. The reason for this increased interest could be attributed in part to the availability of relevant experimental data which could be used in developing the required models. However, computer simulation comes into its own when the species are so imstable that separation techniques cannot be applied and/or the detection systems do not have the required sensitivity. 

Darrie, G., in Trace Element Speciation for Environment, Food and Health, L. P. L. Ebdon, R. Cornells,... 

Leppard, G. G. (1981). Trace Element Speciation in Surface Waters. New York Plenum Press. 

Huggins, F.E., Shah, N., Zhao, J. et al. (1993) Nondestructive determination of trace element speciation in coal and coal ash by XAFS spectroscopy. Energy and Fuels, 7(4), 482-89. 

Interest in trace element speciation studies in natural waters has increased considerably during the last decade. It has become apparent that data on total concentrations of any element rather than on individual well defined chemical entities, are often inadequate to identify transport mechanisms, ultimate fate and toxicity of particular elements to organisms. A study of the different trace metal species and their relative distribution will assist in understanding the chemical processes that take place in the highly reactive estuarine zone and in the open sea. These processes include the rate at which chemical processes take place, the participation in geochemical processes (precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption). 

Chau, Y.K. and Wong, P.T.S., 1983. Direct speciation analysis of molecular and ionic organometals. In G.G. Leppard (ed.), Trace Element Speciation in Surface Waters. Plenum, New York, pp. 87-102. 

Leppard, G.G., (ed.), 1983. Trace element speciation in surface waters and its ecological implications. Plenum Press. New York, 320 pp. 

Rodushkin IV, Moiseenko TI, Kudryavtseva LP. 1995b. Changes in trace element speciation in Kola Morth surface waters during snow melt. Water Air Soil Pollut 85 731-736. 

Comelis, R. et al. (1999) Introduction to the EU-network on trace element speciation preparing for the 21st century. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 363, 435-438. 

Noller, B.N. (1992) Trace element speciation in the aquatic environment. Chem. Australia, 59, 403-405. 

Batley, G.E. and Low, G.F.-C. (1989) Applications ofhigh-performance liquid chromatography to trace element speciation studies. In Trace Element Speciation Analytical Methods and Problems (ed. Batley, G.E.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 185-217. 

Florence, T.M. (1986) Electrochemical approaches to trace element speciation in waters. A review. Analyst, 111, 489-505. 

Haug, A., Larsen, B. and Baardseth, E. (1969) Comparison of the constitution of alginate from different sources. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Seaweed Symposium (ed. Margalef R.). Subsecretaria de la Marina Mercante, Madrid. As cited in Leppard, G.G. and Burnison, B.K. (1983) Bioavailability, trace element associations with colloids and an emerging interest in colloidal organic fibrils. In Trace Element Speciation in Suface Waters and its Ecological Implications (ed. Leppard, G.G.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 105-112. 

This chapter considers methods of trace element speciation, and their application to soils, that involve selective chemical extraction techniques. It will be concerned firstly with extraction by single selective reagents and secondly with the development and application of sequential extraction procedures for soils and related materials. Sequential extraction procedures for sediments are discussed in depth in Chapter 11. Speciation in the soil solution and modelling aspects of its interaction with soil solid phases are comprehensively covered in Chapter 9 and will not be considered here. 

A major limitation to the widespread adoption of sequential extraction for trace element speciation is the lengthy sample processing time (e.g. three 16-h periods of mechanical shaking for the BCR method). Various authors have attempted to develop more rapid means of extraction, involving ultrasonic or microwave assistance. The goal of such studies is generally to obtain performance similar to... 

Florence, T.M. (1992) Trace element speciation by anodic stripping voltammetry. Analyst, 117, 551-553. 

Mester, Z., R. Sturgeon, and J. Pawliszyn. 2001. Solid phase microextraction as a tool for trace element speciation. Spectrochim. Acta B 56 233-260. 

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