Local damage

Because of the high vapor pressure of the simple quinones and their penetrating odor, adequate ventilation must be provided in areas where these quinones are handled or stored. Quinone vapor can harm the eyes, and a limit of 0.1 ppm of 1,4-benzoquinone in air has been recommended. Quinone in either sohd or solution form can cause severe local damage to the skin and mucous membranes. Swallowing benzoquinones may be fatal the LD q in rat is 130 mg/kg orally and 0.25 mg/kg intravenously. There is insufficient data concerning quinones and cancer. The higher quinones are less of a problem because of their decreased volatihty (118—120). 

An exposure to a specific chemical in relatively low concentrations over a period may result in chronic effects. At higher concentrations, the effects may be acute. Some chemicals produce local damage at their point of contact with, or entry into, the body others produce systemic effects, i.e. they are transported within the body to various organs before exerting an adverse effect. 

The barium ferrite was found to have an increase in magnetic anisotropy, as in the nickel ferrite, but its overall effect on magnetization was less because of greater magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The shock modification caused reduced crystallite size and local damage that resulted in increased microwave absorption. 

Photodynamic therapy uses non-thermal red light to activate verteporfin, which produces reactive oxygen species that locally damage the neovascular endothelium.24 Verteporfin treatment reduces the risk of loss of visual acuity and legal blindness over 1 to 2 years. Long-term results are not yet available. Severe photosensitivity for 3 to 5 days after the procedure is common and some patients experience a severe loss of vision. Eventually, most patients have some visual recovery. This procedure requires multiple treatments over time.22... 

Metal-ion catalysis of hydrogen peroxide decomposition can generate perhydroxyl and hydroxyl free radicals as in Scheme 10.26 [235]. The catalytic effects of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions are found to be similar [235]. It is not necessary for the active catalyst to be dissolved [237], as rust particles can be a prime cause of local damage. The degradative free-radical reaction competes with the bleaching reaction, as illustrated in Scheme 10.27 [237]. Two adverse consequences arise from the presence of free radicals ... 

While these are the principal cotton pests, there probably are instances where some species not mentioned cause more local damage. A complete list of all insects and spider mite pests which cause economic injury to cotton in Mexico and Central and South America would be impressive, but no such list is available and it would require considerable research to compile it. 

Caterpillars and grasshoppers cause localized damage to banana foliage. Bordeaux coverage of the banana leaf surfaces, however, acts as a partial repellent to these insects. 

In general, fixed water spray fire protection has the two-fold purpose of cooling the affected equipment and flushing any burning liquids from the immediate fire area. This can reduce local damage, limit fire spread, and allow time for other response actions. It should not be expected that these systems will extinguish a fire without the use of other fire protection systems, such as foam, dry chemical, or manual firefighting. 

Local damage may occur to skin, eye, or mucosal surfaces on contact with concentrated solutions. Dermal applications of 0.5 ml to rabbits for 24 hours resulted in maximal scores for erythema and edema, with chemical burns within 1 hour after treatment. ... 

The hop-vine borer (HVB), Hydraecia immanis Guenee, is a stemfeeding caterpillar (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) which has only very recently "been causing severe localized damage to corn in large portions (more than 50 different counties) of Wisconsin,... 

The sample, or the anode, can be any conducting material. Because the process will cause local damage to the anode, it is better to use a scratch sample or an unused area on the sample. 

If spilled on the skin or in the eyes liquid N2IL, can cause severe local damage or burns and can cause dermatitis. In addition it can penetrate skin to cause systemic effects similar to those produced when the compound is swallowed or inhaled. Inhalation of the vapor causes local irritation of the respiratory tract and eyes. On short exposure systemic effects involve the central nervous system. Resultant symptoms include tremors, on exposure to higher concentrations, convulsions and possibly death follow. Repeated exposures may cause toxic damage to the liver (fatty liver) and kidney (interstitial nephritis), as well as anemia. The threshold limit value of hydrazine is 1 ppm (1.3 mg/m3)(Ref 20) (See also Refs 27 c and 33a)... 

The use of highly reactive chemicals as pharmaceutical agents is restricted by the likelihood that they will react at the point of application, producing local damage but failing to... 

Abnormal impulse conduction. The conduction of impulses throughout the myocardium has been interrupted. Various diseases and local damage may result in the delay or failure of an action potential to reach certain areas. These conduction impairments or heart blocks can prevent a smooth and synchronous contraction, thus creating an abnormal rhythm. 

Patients on long-term insulin therapy are usually trained to administer their own medication. In order to safely use insulin, it is important to provide adequate (refrigerated) storage of the preparation, to maintain sterile syringes, to accurately measure the dose and fill the syringe, and to use a proper injection technique. Patients should rotate the sites of administration (abdomen, upper thighs, upper arms, back, and buttocks) to avoid local damage from repeated injection. 

Figure 20. The impact of a faster H2/air-front moving through die anode flow-field. 100% relative carbon loss is defined as the localized damage prediction when no pseudo-capacitance is considered in die model. Significantly less carbon corrosion is expected at the anode inlet region as the speed of H2/air-front increases but much less benefit at the anode outlet region.

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