Dairy cattle

Nutrient Requirements of Large Breed Dairy Cattle 

Source NRC (National Research Council). 1988a. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. Total digestible nutrients. 

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Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cattle 3rd ed.. National Academy of Science, National Research Council, Washiagton, D.C., 1966, p. 1349. 

Nutrition. Zinc is essential to the proper functioning of plants and animals and, as zinc sulfate and oxide, it is used as a feed supplement (49—51) (see Mineral nutrients Feedsand feed additives). Most crops use less than a kilogram of zinc per 1000 m per year, so that zinc salts added at 1.3—4.5 kg/ha gradually build up the zinc reserve (52). Animals, including humans, store relatively Htde available zinc and, thus, require a constant supply in the diet. For instance, beef cattle require 10—30 mg/kg dry feed, dairy cattle 40 mg/kg, and breeding hens 65 mg/kg. Zinc from plants is considered less available to monogastric aminals than zinc from animal protein. 

Tolerance of animals for fluorides varies, dairy cattle being most sensitive and poultry least (Table 8-3). Fluorosis of animals in contaminated areas can be avoided by keeping the intake levels below those listed by incorporating clean feeds with those high in fluorides. It has also been determined... 

Milch-vieh, n. dairy cattle. -wa(a)gc, /, lactometer. -wein, m, kumiss, milchweiss, a. milk-white. 

MORTON J M and Campbell p h (1997) Disease signs reported in south-eastern Australian dairy cattle while grazing Brassica species , Aust Vet J, 75 109-13. 

USDA, 2007a. Dairy 2007, Part 1 Reference of dairy cattle health and management practices in the United States (2007a). USDA-APHIS-VS. GEAR, Fort Collins, CO. 

The production of livestock and livestock products has been greatly increased through the effective application of agricultural chemicals, as evidenced in the control of insects and diseases on and around dairy cattle, which has resulted in many instances of increased milk production ranging between 15 and 20%. It has been reliably estimated that the treatment of beef cattle for insect pests has resulted in additional gains of 50 pounds per head of beef animals treated. The dollar value of these increases in both beef and milk has been estimated at 54,000,000 per year. 

Hogs 58.1 million Cattle and calves 98.0million Dairy cattle 7.8 million Poultry ... 

Amon B, Kryvoruchko V, Amon T, Zechmeister-Boltenstem S. Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage and after application of dairy cattle slurry and influence of slurry treatment. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 

The requirements of dairy cattle for B-vitamins, determined almost half a century ago, concluded that a ruminant animal does not require an exogenous supply of B-vitamins because its rumen microflora should synthesise enough of these compounds to avoid deficiency. Since then, dairy cows have greatly increased their average milk and milk component yields. More recent studies have shown that B-vitamin supply in dairy cows is increased by supplementation, although losses in the rumen are extensive (Santschi et al., 2005). Whilst there are few reports of B-vitamin supplementation affecting milk quality, supplemental biotin has been shown to directly improve milk yield (Majee et al., 2003). 

Andrews, A.H., (2000), The Health of Dairy Cattle (Veterinary Health Series), 1st Edition. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 359 pp. 

Day, C. (1995), The Homoeopathic Treatment of Beef and Dairy Cattle, Beaconsfield Publishers Ltd., Beaconsfield, UK. 

Although most biopharmaceuticals approved to date are intended for human use, a number of products destined for veterinary application have also come on the market. One early such example is that of recombinant bovine GH (Somatotrophin), which was approved in the USA in the early 1990s and used to increase milk yields from dairy cattle. Additional examples of approved veterinary biopharmaceuticals include a range of recombinant vaccines and an interferon-based product (Table 1.7). 

This technology is most often applied to valuable animals (e.g. prize winning horses, or high milk-yield dairy cattle) in order to boost their effective reproductive capacity several-fold. All the offspring will inherit its genetic complement from the biological mother (and father), irrespective of what recipient animal carries it to term. 

Forsell, J.H., L.R. Shull, and J.R. Kateley. 1981. Subchronic administration of technical pentachlorophenol to lactating dairy cattle immunotoxicologic evaluation. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 8 543-558. 

Why, then, were Osborne and Mendel unable to validate Hopkins results Why couldn t they obtain significant growth until they added 10-16 cc of whole milk per day per rat to their diets Were American rats so different from English ones Were English dairy cattle much more productive in nutrients than American ones ... 

BEAUCHAMP, E.G., KIDD, G.E. and IHURTELL, G. (1982). Ammonia volatilisation from liquid dairy cattle manure in the field. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 62, 11-19. 

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