Transducing systems

In both cases special probes were designed and manufactured For the first ease a special probe which fits geometrically exactly to the contour of the turbine blade and in the other case a combined transducer system was developed which enables a continuous measurement of... 

Structure of installation enter the source-receiver of acoustic oscillations, block of ultrasonic transducers, system of scanning, control system engines, block of the analysis and registration. 

Bhushan, B., Kulkami, A.V., Bonin, W. and Wyrobek, J.T., Nanoindentation and picoin dentation measurements using a capacitive transducer system in atomic force microscopy. Philos. Mag. A Phys. Condens. Matter Struct. Defects Mech. Prop., 74(5), 1117-1128 (1996). 

Various aspects of in vitro gas production test have been reviewed by Getachew et al. [33], and these authors reported that gas measurement were centered on investigations of rumen microbial activities using manometric measurements and concluded that these methods do not have wide acceptability in routine feed evaluation since there was no provision for the mechanical stirring of the sample during incubation. Another in vitro automated pressure transducer method for gas production measurement was developed by Wilkins [34], and the method was validated by Blummel and Orskov [35] and Makkar et al. [36]. There are several other gas-measuring techniques such as (i) Flohenheim gas method or Menke s method [37] (ii) liquid displacement system [38] (iii) manometric method [39] (iv) pressure transducer systems manual [40], computerized [41], and combination of pressure transducer and gas release system [42]. 

Lamminen MO, Walker HW, Weavers LK (2006) Cleaning of particle-fouled membranes during cross-flow filtration using an embedded ultrasonic transducer system. J Membrane Sci 283 225-232... 

Figure 1.6 shows the major types of recognition elements and transducing systems used for implementing (bio)chemical sensing. A detailed discussion is provided in other sections of this chapter and the selected examples described throughout this book. Recently, Wolfbeis reported a systematic review of recognition elements based on enzymes, ion-carriers and molecular interactions used in optical sensors [5]. 

No doubt, one of the most intuitive classifications of sensors is that based on the type of transducer used to reveal the physico-chemical changes that occur in the sensing microzone in the presence of the analyte. Figure 1.6 shows the principal types of transducing systems eire connected to or... 

Guenzi, E. Case, A.M. Sicard, M.A. Hakenbeck, R. A two-component signal-transducing system is involved in competence and penicillin susceptibility in laboratory mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol. Microbiol., 12, 505-515 (1994)... 

A final noteworthy feature of signal-transducing systems is integration (Fig. 12-Id), the ability of the system to receive multiple signals and produce a unified response appropriate to the needs of the cell or organism. Different signaling pathways converse with... 

FIGURE 12-1 Four features of signal-transducing systems. 

As noted earlier, signal-transducing systems undergo desensitization when the signal persists. Desensitization of the /3-adrenergic receptor is mediated by a protein kinase that phosphorylates the receptor on the intracellular domain that normally interacts with Gs (Fig. 12-17). When the receptor is occupied by epinephrine,... 

The main advantage of piezoelectric devices is that, in principle, any process that results in a mass change at an interface can be measured. However, this very nonselective transduction process is also a major disadvantage in that it mandates the use of even more selective surface chemistries than are required for other types of chemical transducer systems. This will make the implementation of piezoelectric chemical sensing devices for ocean measurements rather difficult, but by no means impossible. Indeed, the coupling of pattern recognition techniques with an array of marginally selective piezoelectric transducers may, in the future, make these devices more useful for quantitative ocean measurements. 

The servomechanism incorporates a radioactive isotope feedback transducer system for detecting the position of the burning surface. 

Fig 3 Gamma-Ray Feedback Transducer System for Propellant Burning Rate Measurement... 

Rebola R, Oliveira CR, Cunha RA (2002) Transducing system operated by adenosine A2A receptors to facilitate acetylcholine release in the rat hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 454 31-8 Reddington M, Lee KS, Schubert P (1982) An Ai-adenosine receptor, characterized by [3H] cy-clohexyladenosine binding, mediates the depression of evoked potentials in a rat hippocampal slice preparation. Neurosci Lett 28 275-9... 

An alternative approach places the Pt electrodes directly on a flexible polymer carrier [80]. Eh Lilly developed a three-electrode transducing system based on a polyimide carrier with electroadsorbed enzyme and a highly oxygen-permeable membrane covering the sensor. Such a system was tested in vivo and published results seem encouraging although the company cancelled the project. 

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