Starch availability

Gaillard, T. (1987). Starch availability and utilization. In "Starch Properties and Potential" (T. Gaillard, ed.), pp. 1-15. John Wiley Sons, Chichester. 

Base starches used for cationics are corn, potato and waxy. Corn remains dominant world wide although potato is a close second. Waxy starches are mainly used in the USA. The amount of waxy starch available is dependent on demands for waxy starch in the food industry. 

Figure 1 shows the experimental procedure used to evaluate the hydrolysis methods of SFF. First, the SFF material was subjected to saccharification with amyloglucosidase to determine the amount of starch available in the material. Second, the material was subjected to pretreatment in either a steam pretreatment unit or a microwave oven, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreatment in a microwave oven was performed both with and without the addition of acid. Direct enzymatic hydrolysis was also performed. 

There are two methods of obtaining a starch with different properties. One is the biological approach of using different types of plant - the best example of this is waxy maize which yields a starch that is nearly pure amylopectin. The other method is to modify the starch chemically -chemically modified starch is normally declared as modified starch . There is a whole range of modified starches available and there is, of course, no bar to chemically modifying a starch from a special source. 

Soluble starch, available from chemical supply houses, is readily dispersed in water. The iodine-starch complex has limited water solubility, and it is therefore important not to add the starch indicator until near the end point when the iodine concentration is low. Because starch is subject to attack by microorganisms, the solution usually is prepared as needed. Among the products of hydrolysis is dextrose, which can cause large errors because of its reducing action. Various substances have been recommended as preservatives, including mercury(II) iodide and thymol. With formamide a clear solution containing 5% starch is obtained that is stable indefinitely. 

Hohn, J., Bjorck, L, Asp, N.G., Sjoberg, L.B., Lundquist, 1. 1985. Starch availability in vitro and in vivo after flaking, steam-cooking and popping of wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 3 193-206. 

Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Alississippi. Starch. Available from . 

Early in the twentieth century, Adolph and Kao (1934) established that rats utilize only 40% of the carbohydrates found in SBM. Similarly, the relative bioavailability of SB NEE was reported to be 38% in rats (Karimzadegan et al., 1979). Soybean soluble sugars and starch availability in vitro was reported to be only 24% (DMB), and availability of carbohydrates was even lower than that (14%) in chicks fed SBM (Lodhietal., 1969). 

T. Galliard, "Starch availability and utilization," in Galliard T. ed.. Starch Properties and Potential, 1st Edition, John Wiley Sons, New York, Chap. 1, pp. 1-15,1987. 

Cyelodextrins are, by far. the most important organic host molecules. The raw material for their production is starch available, cheap, and its conversion to cyclodextrin is a relatively simple enzymatic process. A continuous, steady increase in production is expected in the following decade. both for CDs and their derivatives. 

Silver nanoparticles [AgNP], on gum Arabic, gelatin or starch. Available as yellow-brownish liquids. They are water soluble in the form of 5-lOnm spheres (10-15nm for starch) and have UV with at 405-4 lOnm. The gum Arabic (GA), gelatin and starch stabilise these particles and can be used for sensor design applications, for in vitro as well as in vivo antimiciobial and antifungal purposes. 

Regarding the quantification of the resistant fractions in modified starches, care must be taken because some nondigestible fractions are soluble in water and they can be lost during washing steps. This is particularly important with pregelatinized starches and pyrodextrins. One suitable way to look at the impact of the modification on the starch availability is measure total starch before and after the modification. 

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