Oil-based lubricants

Natural fatty aeid-based lubricants fall between mineral oil and the synthetic acid diester lubricants in both performance and price (Figure 6.8) as such they find niche applications. Compared to mineral oils vegetable oil-based lubricants offer several advantages, notably ... 

In order to ensure uniform drawing temperatures and avoid excessive wear on the dies and mandrels used, it is essential that a suitable lubricant be applied during drawing. A wide variety of lubricants are used for this purpose. Heavier draws may require oil-based lubricants, but oil-in-water emulsions are used for many applications. Soap solutions may also be used for some of the lighter draws. Drawing oils are usually recycled until their lubricating properties are exhausted. 

Of the approximately 15 aluminum forging plants, three use wet scrubbers to control particulates and smoke generated from the partial combustion of oil-based lubricants in the forging process. 

Increased incidence of vaginal yeast UTIs, TSS Efficacy affected by oil-based lubricants Cervical irritation... 

Roll the condom down over the erect penis, making sure you roll it right down to the end. If you use a lubricant, apply it after you have the condom on. Use a water-soluble lubricant (KY Jelly or Duragel - vaseline and other oil-based lubricants dissolve the rubber). The condom should be put on before there is any contact between your penis and your partner s body. 

A lowering in the friction coefficient is the initial effect after the application of oils and oil-based lubricants.2,5,14 Nacht et al.14 and Highley et al.5 also showed that after the initial decrease in friction, the oils eventually raised the skin s friction coefficient. The results of the lubricant cosmetic studies by Nacht et al.14 are shown in Figure 32.3. 

Oil-based lubricants cause failure of rubber condoms and contraceptive diaphragms many lubricants, e.g. hand or baby creams, wash off readily, but are nevertheless oil-based. Barrier contraceptive devices made of polyurethane, e.g. the female condom (femidom), are not so affected. 

Using TLC-NDIR detection, it is possible to differentiate between important industrial products of biogenic and nonbiogenic origin. Mineral oil diesel and bio-diesel can be clearly distinguished from each other. The same applies to mineral oil-based lubricants and bio-lubricants based on rape oil, whose chromatograms are shown in Fig. 107a,b. 

Figure 107. Comparison of (a) a mineral oil-based lubricant with (b) a rape oil-based lubricant with the aid of NDIR detection technology...

Synthetic lubricants have been available for many years in the early 1930s, synthetic hydrocarbon and ester technologies were simultaneously developed in Germany and the United States. Development of a catalytic polymerisation process of olefins in the United States led to the formulation of automotive crankcase lubricants with improved low-temperature performance [1,2]. These products were not commercialised due both to the inherent cost of these new synthetic base fluids and to performance improvements of mineral oil-based lubricants. In Germany, low-temperature performance drove the development of similar products [3], although the main objective was to overcome the general shortage of petroleum base stocks. 

Oxidative Degradation and Stabilisation of Mineral Oil-Based Lubricants... 

Presently, there is a strong demand for environmentally acceptable fluids. As biolubes , they need to satisfy biodegradation and bioaccumulation standards, which mineral oil-based fluids cannot achieve. Therefore, the use of synthetic and natural esters for many industrial applications will develop [119]. Not only the base fluids but also the antioxidants used in them will have to fulfil certain specifications for aquatic toxicity, biodegradation and bioaccumulation. Because the antioxidant response of these new fluids is different from mineral oil-based lubricants, new classes of ashless bio-antioxidants may need to be developed. 

Hard foil tends to be more expensive than soft foil if the former has to be subjected to the removal of lubricants by solvents before it can be washed, lacquered and/or printed. However, low-temperature heating (below the annealing temperature) has also been used to remove the oil-based lubricants. 

To expand commercialization of soybean-oil-based lubricants, one of three factors must occur to eliminate cost as a deterrent (i) the increased cost of the product must provide increased performance (ii) the cost of competing petroleum products must increase significantly or (iii) the use of the biobased product must provide the best way to meet required local, state, or federal regulations. Of these three factors, the first, improving the properties of soybean oil, is the most desirable scenario. Improve the low-temperature properties of soybean oil by blending with diluents, such as poly-alphaolefins, diisodecyl adipate, and oleates (Asadauskas Erhan, 1999 Erhan et al., 2006) improve oxidative stability by adding commercially available antioxidants (Becker Knorr, 1996 Erhan et al., 2006 Sharma et al., 2007b). 

Erhan, S.Z. B.K. Sharma J.M. Perez. Oxidation and low temperature stability of vegetable oil-based lubricants. Ind. Crop Prod. 2006,24, 292-299. 

Sharma, B.K. J.M. Perez S.Z. Erhan. Soybean oil-based lubricants A search for synergistic antioxidants. Energy Fuek WOTh, 10.1021/efD605854 in press. 

Still there are efforts to improve the performance of natural mineral oil-based lubricants by the synthesis of oligomeric hydrocarbons, which has been the subject of important research and development in the petroleum industry for many years and has led to commercialization of a number of synthetic lubricants. These materials are based on the oligomerization of a-olefins such as C6-C20 olefins. Industrial research effort on synthetic lubricants has generally focused on improved viscosity index, thermal and oxidative stability, and a pour point equal to or better than that of the corresponding mineral oil lubricants. 

Modern biobased lubricants are mainly based on rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and animal fats. These oils easily undergo oxidation due to their content of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Efforts have been made to modify the oils to provide a more stable material and a product more competitive in performance to mineral oil-based lubricants. This modification can involve partial hydrogenation of oil and a shifting of its fatty acids to high oleic acid content [21]. Other reported changes that address the problem of unsaturation include alkylation, acylation, hydroformylation, hydrogenation, oligomerization (polymerization), and epoxidation [20, 22]. 

Schneider, M. (2006) Plant-oil-based lubricants and hydraulic fluids. J. Set. Pood Agric.. 86 (12), 1769-1780. 

Vertrel XSi Is a proprietary blend of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbon and hexamethyidislloxane. It is ideally suited for use in medical applications as a solvent for cleaning or depositing of silicone oil-based lubricants. It is also used as a swelling media for silicone rubber tubing. 

Latex condoms cause severe aUer-gies for some people, and they deteriorate over time or in contact with oil-based lubricants or ointments. Plastic condoms made of polyurethane cause fewer allergic reactions. These polyurethane materials can be used with oil- or water-based lubricants, and they deteriorate less in storage. 

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