Organisations

Improvement schemes can be defined as a succession of individual interlaboratory studies in which several laboratories analyse the same test samples for the same characteristics (usually the content of an analyte), following a similar protocol to validate each individual step of their own analytical method (Quevauviller, 1999a). They enable laboratories to develop and validate all steps of new or existing analytical procedure(s) in adequately organised successive exercises which may be considered as preliminary studies for laboratory or method performance studies or certification of RMs (Griepink and Stoeppler, 1992 Quevauviller, 1998b). Such programmes are particularly valuable in the case of speciation studies since the analytical procedures include several complex and critical steps. 

After this introductory background to general concepts related to the chemistry of inorganic rings and polymers of the p-block elements, the second half of 

Haiduc, Inorganic ring systems, in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, ed. R. B. King, 2nd edn., Wiley, Chichester, 2005, pp. 2028-2055. 

Svensson and L. Kloo, Synthesis, structure and bonding in polyiodide and metal iodide-iodine systems, Chem. Rev., 2003, 103, 1649. 

Haiduc, Comments on the nomenclature of inorganic ring systems, in The Chemistry of Inorganic Ring Systems, ed. R. Steudel, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 451-477, and references cited therein. 

Connelly, T. Damhus, R. M. Hartshorn and A. T. Hutton (eds). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry lUPAC Recommendations 2005, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2005. 

Processing of ID NMR Data HELP Routine Processing of 2D NMR Data HELP Routine 

Import/Export of NMR data via local networks and conversion of the original data format to the WIN-NMR format 

These three sections are combined in such a way that you may use all these educational tools interactively with your PC. In this way as you leam about the basics in theory, you directly apply what you have leamt in practice following the instructions given in the numerous Check its. You experience step by step the scope of the powerful software modules, their advantages and limitations and you acquire the necessary skills to become an expert in NMR data processing. It is essential at this stage to exploit and make use of the powerful HELP routines if necessary. In contrast to the introductory 

HELP routines available with the WIN-NMR software modules give detailed 

The comprehensive ID and 2D NMR data obtained from various modern NMR 

The French unemployment protection system consists of three separate domains, each of which comes under the competence of different institutions. As was seen in Sect. 3, minimum income benefits have come to serve as one of the channels of unemployment income compensation, although this was not their original objective. 

This multi-division attests to the complexity of unemployment insurance and is apt to impede a specific evaluation of dysfunctions in cases of high unemployment. Nevertheless, the convoluted structure mirrors a French tradition, namely the division of competence between the joint administration on the part of employer and employee representatives, on the one hand, and the state administration on the other. 

30 The system in force until mid-2001 was based on Ordonnance no. 84-198, dated 21 March 1984. See Art. L. 351-1 ff. Code du travail. 

32 At the end of 2007, a fresh process of reform has been started along the new president s promise to merge ANPE and the ASSEDIC system. The two institutions UNEDIC (including the ASSEDIC) and ANPE merged meanwhile in a sole one (Loi n° 2008-126 du 13 Fevrier 2008 on the reform of the public employment service, JO n° 38 du 14 Fevrier 2008). 

33 These prerequisites notably include proof of the fact that the insured is available for placement. 

As with all projects the key to success of APC projects is commitment from senior management. Too often, process control is seen as a necessary evil - involving costly instrumentation, software and people. The only exposure most managers have had to process control is the theory they were taught at university (for which they probably still do not see the need ) and a tour of the hardware installed in the control building. Many are still not convinced of its importance in maximising process profitability. It is perceived as an option the process seemed to run just fine for years before it was installed so why do we need it now  

A manager will authorise almost any necessary expense to reinstate a piece of failed equipment, without which the plant cannot operate. As a result process start-up may be advanced 24 hours and thus increase annual capacity by about 0.3 %. Would the same manager authorise similar expenditure to improve by 15 % the performance of an MVC that can achieve a 2 % increase in capacity utilisation Both have the same effect on production. 

In assigning a new engineer to a project team it is important that the APC vendor understands what is required in terms of training. Most vendors do not see training client staff as a threat to their business and most will enthusiastically take on the training role. They do however need to factor in what impact it might have on their man-hour budget and schedule. 

Rotating staff through the APC group is beneficial on two counts it imports knowledge of 

MVC is a complex technology not always readily understood by all console operators. Technical support is usually only on site for 25 % of the time, for the other 75 % the console operator has the greatest influence over APC utilisation. If not properly trained, one operator can take an action which loses in one shift the profit that the controller has made in one year. There needs to be at least one operator per shift ftiUy conversant with the APC. This is best achieved by assigning a respected leading operator to the implementation team. He will represent the process operators and, as importantly, be seen by the other operators as their representative. As a result there will be much greater confidence in the APC. Plus the lead operator, when returning to his normal shift position, will be an invaluable source or expertise outside of office hours. 

---

To allow objectivity of the findings, ElA s are usually carried out by independent specialists or organisations. It will involve not only scientific experts, but also require consultation with official and representative bodies such as the government ministries for the environment, fisheries, food, agriculture, and local water authorities. In activities which may impact on local population (terminals, refineries, access roads, land developments) local representatives of the inhabitants may be consulted, and the public affairs function... 

Logistics refers to the organisation of transport of people, and supply and storage of materials. The transport of people is linked to the mode of manning the operation, and is clearly much simplified for an unmanned operation. 

An organisation such as the example above includes sub groups for each of the main activities and a support (or services) group to manage information and procurement. Auditing commitments may be fulfilled by an independent in-house team or by external auditors. 

In order to function effectively, the organisational structure should make the required flow of information for field development and management as easy as possible. For example, in trying to co-ordinate daily operations, information is required on... 

Figure 14.12 Organisational structure for operations and development planning...

The prime global authority is the International Maritime Organisation. The IMO sets the standards and guidelines for the removal of offshore installations. The guidelines specify that installations in less than 75 meters of water with substructures weighing less than 4,000 tons be completely removed from the site. Those in deeper water must be removed to a depth of 55 meters below the surface so that there is no hazard to navigation. In some countries the depth to which structures have to be removed has already been extended to 100m. 

Therefore we as an independent service organisation for the industry have had to develop a new safety concept, which... 

Non-Desfructive testing can be apph ed widely in all industrial organisations during construction and after construction to determine, in first case, whether flaws have been introduced due to manufacturing process or in the second case, whether flaws have developed dtie to service conditions. NDT is therefore used to inspect... 

The examination is made on an object (i.e. the volume of the component on which NDI information is required), using a procedure and a data organisation (i.e. the definition of the structure of acquisition data). The procedure defines the equipment. The acquisition data is produced by the equipment and arranged according to the data organisation related to the equipment. 

A natural concentration will be in the 3rd Thematic Programme on "Promoting Competitive and Sustainable Growth" and specially its Key Action 1 on Products, Processes and Organisation . 

Harmonised standards are technical specifications adopted by one of the European standards organisations following a mandate issued by the European Commission on which Member States were consulted. When published by the Commission in the Official Journal of the European Communities, the hamionised standards give presumption of confomiity to the essential requirements they specify. This means that manufacturers applying these standards do not have to demonstrate the compliance of the manufactured products with the relevant requirements of the directive. 

The use of these techniques is an important element of industrial policy since they contribute to the creation of a business friendly regulatory environment allowing the combination of measures taken for internal organisational reasons and obligations of certification without lowering the level of safety to be achieved. Wlienever possible a choice between product control and quality assurance procedures is offered to manufacturers. 

In the framework of the new approach third parties have a particular responsibility. Their task has become more difficult especially in cases where products are manufactured directly to the essential requirements. In that case competent interpretation and judgement needs to be applied in order to evaluate whether the required safety level is achieved or not. Not only safeguard clauses and their economic consequences should be avoided but also possible distortion of the market. An exchange of experience between bodies which are notified for a given directive is therefore normally organised with a view to ensuring its coherent application and to avoid such negative consequences. 

The principles referred to so far are common to all New Approach directives. The individual directives obviously need to be specific on topics such as the scope, the essential requirements, the classification of the products and on the use of modules for conformity assessment. The pressure equipment directive includes some additional sector specific dispositions which relate to recognised third party organisations , the European approval for materials , a committee for pressure equipment and the user inspectorates . 

Two features in relation to the essential requirements merit further explanation, the so-called recognised third party organisations and the European approvals for materials. 

The recognised third party organisations can be notified by the Member States to the Commission and the other Member States for the earrying out of approvals related to the qualification of personnel and procedures for permanent joining and for the qualification of personnel for non-destructive testing. 

As a precondition for notification of the recognised third party organisations the Member States shall apply the same criteria as for notified bodies and the Commission shall, as in the case of notified bodies, publish the references of theses organisations in the Official Journal of the European Communities. 

The user inspectorate must fulfil the same technical criteria as the notified body. In addition, it must be organisationally identifiable and demonstrate its impartiality. It must not engage in any activities that might conflict with its independence of judgement and integrity. Given that the authorisation of user inspectorates to carry out conformity assessment is an innovation for technical harmonisation at Union level, the Commission shall monitor the application of this measure and evaluate its effects three years after the coming into force of the directive. 

A prime task of the company carrying out NDT is the organisation of management of its network of processes and their interaction. The firm shall create, improve and maintain constant quality with the aid of this network of processes (Figure 2). In ISO 9000-1 this is considered to be the fundamental conceptional basis of ISO 9000. 

The second approach - creation of systems for non-destructive testing quality assurance in compliance with ISO standards 9000 series - considers the quality system as an assembly of organisational strueture, procedures, processes and resources necessary for overall quality management at the laboratory. This approach requires methodieal development. 

The service for calibration is not established yet in Belarus. Calibration is voluntary and is realised either by metrological service of the plant or by any authorised organisation. 

Later, US NDT TD set up the National Certification Committee of Ukraine on NDT, which had the aim of organising the personnel certification in keeping with EN 473, rendered assistance to State Standardisation Organisation of Ukraine in setting up the Technical Committee on Standardisation Technical Diagnostics and Non-Destructive Testing (TC-78), the aims of which are in tune with those of lSO/TC-135. 

One of the main aspects of US NDT TD activity is organising conferences, seminars, exhibitions and meetings of experts, conducting the leading European companies seminars in Ukraine. 

In recent years, the three-level system of NDT experts certification, which corresponds to the EN 473, is being introduced m Ukraine The unified Rules of NDT Experts Certification will be introduced in the near future. This work is headed by the State Committee of Ukraine on Labour Safety), and with the aim of the most expedient transition to EN 473, the National Certification Committee of Ukraine on NDT was established by the initiative of US NDT TD. The Committee has the tasks of preparing the programs, procedures, questionnaires for carrying out the certification. It is a non-profit organisation which is in charge of the methodological issues of certification m the US NDT TD. 

For continuation of the work on standardisation in the field of NDT TD, Gosstandardt set up a Technical Committee on Standardisation Technical Diagnostics and Non-Destructive Testing (TC-78) This is a social organisation which unites the leading experts on TD NDT, and determines the priority areas of work, and qualified performers in the field of TD NDT Its main aim is unification of the standards of Ukraine with the European norms. 

---