Sector-specific

The principles referred to so far are common to all New Approach directives. The individual directives obviously need to be specific on topics such as the scope, the essential requirements, the classification of the products and on the use of modules for conformity assessment. The pressure equipment directive includes some additional sector specific dispositions which relate to recognised third party organisations , the European approval for materials , a committee for pressure equipment and the user inspectorates . 

Section 4 of ISO 9001 is incorporated in ISO/TS 16949 in the form of boxed text under the appropriate headings. The sector-specific requirements are outside the boxes and hence the additional requirements are readily identifiable. The only change to the ISO 9001 text has been the head numbering to facilitate decimal numbering of the additional clauses. Various notes have been added to correct clause numbering within the ISO 9001 text and in 13 cases a requirement has been modified ... 

They prepared and distributed country-specific technical reports (a waste audit manual in the appropriate language, sector-specific guidelines and fact sheets) to allow factories interested in cleaner production to pursue relevant activities on their own. 

For a detailed analysis of sector-specific global mitigation options and their economics, as well as of the sectoral economic mitigation potential as a function of carbon price (see Enkvist et al., 2007 and IPCC, 2007c). 

The projection analyses are based on the years 2020 and 2030. To avoid overestimating the employment effects it is necessary to take into account the growth in productivity that will have taken place by this time. To do so, sector-specific productivity indices are determined, which indicate the ratio of specific employment (e.g., employment or gross output value) in the projected year to specific employment in the base year. These indices are based on data in The Impact of Technological and Structural Change on Employment (Christidis et al., 2002). 

Finkelstein (2004) examined whether and to what extent the demand-side incentives embodied in health policy affect the rate of technological change in the medical sector. Specifically, she estimated the effect on vaccine investment of three discrete changes in health policy that increased the return to developing vaccines against specific diseases. Two of these policies increased... 

At the sectoral level, national sector-specific CP strategies should be developed. This would allow CP interventions at company level to be put into a broader perspective and would point out possible synergies between companies, suppliers and customers, allowing gains obtained at the sector and national levels to be optimised. It would also enable adequate choices in technology development and transfer in the country as well as the preparation of coherent investment plans to be presented to potentially interested companies and financial institutions (Fig. 1). 

Cost-effectiveness and mass deployment of critical systems in combination with non-critical systems is a trend, where many other application areas will benefit from, so that there is a clear need not only for application-specific ICT-technology, but for generic dependable ICT-technology (hardware, software, SoC (Systems-on-Chip), building blocks, communication) which fulfils the requirements of generic functional safety and security standards as well as of sector-specific ones (certification to create trust in these systems ). 

The sector-specific rules governing medicinal products are set out in various legal instruments and administrative guidance which follow the following hierarchy [31]. 

Fig. 16.2 General chemicals law and examples of sector specific legislation...

A study that examines how REACH could be devised or implemented to promote innovation in the chemical sector is lacking. Decisionmaking under REACH will need to address this lack of company-and sector-specific business impact assessment data. In particular, regulators will need to account for the distribution of business management risk between companies, across sectors and through supply chains. Otherwise the financial and management hurdles... 

Several interviews confirmed that controlling chemicals in SME in Germany has been facilitated by branch regulation and technical standards [390]. Similarly, two Swedish regulators reported positive results from sector-specific guidance. These Swedish regulators... 

For the consumer sector, it is expected that labels will be the primary focus of GHS application. These labels will include the core elements of the GHS, subject to some sector-specific considerations in certain systems. (See also Hazard Communication Labelling (Chapter 1.4, paragraph 1.4.10.5.4.2) and Consumer Product Labelling Based on the Likelihood of Injury, Annex 5). 

There are several sources of standards and limits that may be applied to the manufacture of sterile products. They can be divided into sector-specific standards which are focused specifically on the manufacture of sterile pharmaceuticals and generic standards that are focused on particular technologies, irrespective of how the technologies are to be applied. 

Sector-specific standards applying to manufacture of sterile drug products... 

There are five significant sources of sector-specific standards applying to the manufacture of sterile products. Two are mandatory, three are voluntary. 

Both of the two mandatory sector-specific standards currently require room classification according to Federal Standard 209. This is a U.S. government standard its current revision is FS 209E, " and it will not be automatically replaced by IS 14644. Thus, we are dependent on the next revision of Annex I of the EU GMPs and of the FDA s Guideline on Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processin to determine whether they will be adopted for the manufacture of sterile drug products. 

The production and use of chemicals is fundamental to all economies. Chemicals directly or indirectly affect our lives and are essential to our food (e.g., as fertilizers, pesticides, food additives, and components of packaging), our health (e.g., in pharmaceuticals and in cleaning materials), and our life style (e.g., in appliances, fuels). The omnipresence of chemicals has resulted in the development of sector-specific regulations (e.g., transport, workplace, agriculture. 

On one hand, Responsible Care is seen as compliance focused and, while considered a component of sustainability, does not currently offer the platform for embracing all of the concepts of sustainability (focus groups above Sustain Ability, 2004). Responsible Care is viewed as a sector-specific collaborative initiative, whereas sustainability broadly encompasses issues of competitive positioning and business growth, which involve full engagement of internal and external stakeholders. Even as Responsible Care expands focus to include more sustainability parameters, it is not (seen as) sufficient to drive an overall sustainability program, performance, and the business value derived from sustainable development (Savitz, Chapter 8, Section 8.2). 

In accordance with Article 7a of the WHG, the AbwV (Ordinance on Requirements for the Discharge of Wastewater into Waters - Wastewater Ordinance) has been divided into a general framework section, an annex (to Article 4) with analytical methods for parameter determination and sector-specific appendices, including requirements for 53 wastewater sectors [3], Minimum requirements to be stipulated when granting a permit to discharge wastewater are described, analysis and measurement techniques are specified in the annex and sector-specific requirements in the appendices refer to the analysis and measurement techniques specified in the annex. Article 4 of the AbwV, in conjunction with the annex, lists the analysis and measurement procedures that are to be used to determine the parameters defined in the appendices. Paragraph 2 emphasises that for individual cases other equivalent procedures may be required if compliance with the requirements specified in the ordinance is to be ensured [9]. All analysis and determination procedures are standardised methods (DIN, CEN, ISO). 

The general structure of the sector-specific appendices for the AbwV is ... 

The administrative costs of subsequent NAPs are likely to be substantially smaller than those for the Phase 1 NAP. The development of a facility-specific database, creation of the information needed to forecast sector-specific emissions, the consultation process, as well as the efforts developed by stakeholders to participate and influence the process all contributed to the considerable administrative costs of the UK Phase 1 NAP. Due to the experience gained both by UK government officials and by stakeholders, administrative costs of subsequent NAPs are likely to be substantially lower. However, the multiple-period approach may increase the administrative burden of the scheme relative to a case in which the allocations are decided only once, since some elements will undoubtedly be revisited and since greater understanding by stakeholders could well mean that some issues become more contentious. Overall, however, the considerable effort to develop the Phase 1 NAP and the framework and data underlying it provide a very solid foundation for future periods. 

If so, on what basis 14 Sectors - allocation based on emission projections Determination of sector budgets = historical emissions in 1999-2002 x sector-specific growth factor x emission intensity change factors... 

Increasing effectiveness of ptiblic policies by targeting them to be industry-sector specific where necessary. 

Sector Specific Experiences of Wood Dust and Toluene... 

At sectoral level the Dutch approach to chemical hazards is distinguished by the particular prominence of the debate on substitution and the strategies to achieve this in certain sectors, as well as by the recent emphasis on the use of convenanten (covenants) to set agreed sector specific targets for improvement of the work environment - which in some cases, include agreement to improve on OEls. At worlq)lace level several features have a bearing on the approach to dealing with chemical hazards. They include ... 

---