Standards European

European Standards are published by the CEN European Committee for Standardization (www.cenorm.be). Standards are available covering performance specification, quality control, methods of test, methods of use and surface preparation. Originally developed as national standards, the needs of the single market, globalisation, and international trade have resulted in a gradual alignment with European Standards (EN) and ISO standards. Whenever a CEN 

EN 828 1998 Structural adhesives - Wettability - Determination by measurement of contact angle and critical surface tension of solid surface 

EN 1464 1995Adhesives - Determination of peel resistance of high-strength adhesive bonds - Floating roller method 

EN 1966 2003 Structural adhesives - Characterization of a surface by measuring adhesion by means of the three point bending method 

Harmonised or EN standards are those that have been approved by the European standard making organisations, Committe European de Normalisation (CEN) for standards of mechanical equipment and Committe European de Normalisation Electrotechnique (CENELEC) for standards of electrical equipment. They are given the prefix letters EN and in the UK can be recognised by the designation BS EN, e.g. BS EN 836, Garden equipment - Powered lawn mowers - Safety. 

These standards are prepared by working parties whose members are representatives of the participating Member States - including members of EU, EETA plus some from Eastern European and Middle East States. Representation at CEN and CENELEC is through the various national standards making bodies - in the UK, BSI. 

There are parallel international standards making bodies, International Standards Organisation (ISO) for mechanical standards and International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) for electrical standards. These European and international standards making bodies are now working closely together to prevent duplication of effort and to expedite the preparation of standards. 

In the UK, standards are developed by tire British Standards Institution which remains the national standards making body but, witir membership of the EU, procedures for making standards changed. In 1983 the Commission reached agreement witir the two European standards making bodies that conformity with harmonised standards would be accepted as evidence of conformity with the directives. These two bodies, CEN and CENELEC, are sponsored by the Commission but act independently. 

As soon as a subject is selected for a harmonised standard all Member States must cease individual work in the area. The work of drafting a harmonised standard is carried out by working groups of representatives of the Member State national standards making bodies. Final drafts are circulated to all members of CEN/CENELEC to vote for approval or rejection. A majority vote is required before tire standard is adopted. Once adopted, the EN standard then applies in all EEA Member States and takes precedence over any national standard tirat covers the same subject. 

Jousten, K. (ed) (2013) Wutz Handbuch der Vakuumtechnik, 11. Auflage, Vieweg. 

Patrick, O.M. (ed) (1998) Nondestructive Testing Handbook Leak Testing, 3rd edn, vol. 1, American Society for Nondestructive Testing. 

EN 1330-8. (1998) Non-Destructive Testing - Terminology-Part 8 Terms Used in Leak Tightness Testing, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. 

EN 1779. (1999) Non-Destructive Testing - Leak Test Criteria for Method and Technique Selection, European Standards. 

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The combination of contrast and granularity produces a signal to noise ratio which allows for direct comparison of various films. The classes have minimum values for eontrast and maximum values for graininess. The ASTM classification system employs the same parameters as the European Standard EN584-1 and ISO CD (see Table 1). 

The paper presents the results from systematic comparisons of contrast and resolution obtained with different types of radiation sources on steel thicknesses from 5 to 40 mm. These results have been taken into account with the definitions of the European standard for radiographic inspection of weldments (EN 1435) that is approved since 1997. Conclusions from practical investigations on pipe line sites, in petrochcemical plants and in nuclear power stations will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the presentation will stipulate a variety of advantages obtained from the new source in terras of coUimation and radiation protection. 

Radioscopy - New Perspectives Gained through European Standardization. 

The method was applied for determination of the quality of the detection media on test pieces following the type testing of the European standard [4] in order to check the validity of the method. The other application was the determination of the visibility in dependance of the variations of the inspection parameters (application of the detection medium, magnetization, inclination, viewing conditions) in a range which may appear in the practical inspections. The results leads to conclusions on the visibility level which is a measure of the probability of recognition for the indication that means of the reliability of the method. 

Following the draft european standard [4] for type testing, quality of the detection media shall be verified on 2 reference blocks as shown in Fig. 2. On the reference block No. 1, created by Mr. Dickhaut [7], (Nr. 3 of the MTU) the indications shall be valuated by comparison with the indications of a detection medium with known quality. On reference block No. 2 (AFNOR-C A-C) the lenght of the indications shall be determined as a measure for the quality. 

Periodical Verification of Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors According to European Standardization. 

The verifications can be performed by the user himself, with electronic measurement equipment described in this project. The consequences of the application of future European standard are very important since is established a mandatory verification of each particular flaw detector, at least once a year. Their verification is to be performed according to a well defined procedure of measurement, including acceptance criteria for each parameter. 

Harmonised standards are technical specifications adopted by one of the European standards organisations following a mandate issued by the European Commission on which Member States were consulted. When published by the Commission in the Official Journal of the European Communities, the hamionised standards give presumption of confomiity to the essential requirements they specify. This means that manufacturers applying these standards do not have to demonstrate the compliance of the manufactured products with the relevant requirements of the directive. 

European Brewery Convention, Mnalytica-EPC, 3rd ed., Schweizer Brauerei-Rundschau, Zurich, Switzedand, 1975, describes methods of analysis for badey and malt according to European standards. 

General advice on the suitability and degree of resistance of glove materials are summarized in Table 13.12. In all cases, however, in addition to the necessary mechanical properties (i.e. resistance to abrasion, blade cut resistance, tear resistance and puncture resistance rated according to European Standard EN 388), consideration should be given to the resistance to the specific chemicals involved. 

EUROVENT has always led the field in measuring and characterizing air filters. Since 1979 EUROVENT 4/5 has set the standard in Europe and provided the basis for European Standard EN 779 1993, Specifications for Particulate Air Filters for General Ventilation. 

Modern measuring techniques, an increased requirement for the indoor environment, and the efficiency of filters in separating particles led to EUROVENT 4/9 1992 Method of Testing Air Filters Used In General Ventilation for the Determination of Fractional Efficiency. This method also provides the basis for the next revision or upgrade of European Standard EN 779 1999. 

Space requirements for air-handling systems are briefly described in the draft European Standard prEN 13779, which, however, is targeted to commercial, public, and office buildings. These requirements also take into account the need for service and maintenance. In industrial applications the... 

In the case of gaseous contaminants, the tracer gas is selected to simu late as well as possible the properties (density, temperature) and momentum of the real contaminant. It is essential to ensure that the tracers arc nontoxic, chemically nonreactive, nonadsorptive on indoor surfaces, and inexpensive. The mixing of the tracer with the actual gaseous contaminant before its release or the release of the tracer with a density near that of the air will improve the validity of the simulation. With tracers, the most difficult task in practice is the relationship of the discharge between the tracer and the real contaminant. Case-by-case techniques to release the tracer are necessary in practice. With tracer gases, the procedure for capture efficiency is described in detail in the European Standard. - The tracer gas concentrations are measured in the exhaust duct for two release locations as illustrated in Fig. 10.108. 

European Standard EN 1093-4. Safety of machinery—Evaluation of the emission of airborne hazardous substances. Part 4 Capture efficiency of an exhaust system— Tracer method. 1996. 

A new CEN European standard, EN 12874, was issued in 2001. It will be used by all European nations that belong to the European Union (EU) that are members of the Comite Enropeean de Normalisation (CEN), as well as other non-EU nations that are members of the CEN. It will supersede BS 7224 in England, FEB and BAM in Germany, and standards in use in other European countries. This is a very comprehensive standard covering types of flame arresters not covered in US, Canadian, and other standards. It contains test procedures for the following types of flame arresters ... 

Thomas, G. O. 1998. Explosion Arrester Testing State of the Draft European Standard. Paper presented at the 3rd Worldwide Seminar on Explosion Phenomena and Application of Explosion Protection Techniques m Practice, February 8-12, 1998, Europex, Ghent, Belgium. 

Besides Type A lead, nine lead alloys are specified in British Standards for various purposes. Their compositions and impurity limits are given in Table 4.13. In addition, alloys for batteries and for anodes are of importance. In due course it is likely that European standards will supersede the current national ones... 

The difference between this European technology and almost all other nonchemical devices is that it has apparently been tested in accordance with DYGW and OYGW guidelines, which represent the highest European standards. Also, this product has been endorsed by Alamo Water Refiners, Inc. a major and very reputable U.S. equipment manufacturer and distributor. 

In spite of all these efforts, the final responsibility for any analytical results obtained by European Standard methods remains with the analyst who obtained the result. To underline this responsibility, the obligation is included in each standard that each laboratory should periodically determine if its results under repeatability conditions are acceptable... . 

The integration of analytical methods in European standards requires their acceptance by several national experts within special working groups and in a final weighted vote of National Standards Bodies. Therefore, there needs to be very high confidence in the performance of methods. Consequently, methods should be tested in inter-laboratory method validation studies, with the exception of those multiresidue methods which are widely used throughout Europe. In the case of CEN methods there is no doubt about residue definition but detailed requirements about the number of matrices and concentration levels in validation experiments do not exist. Eor this reason it may be that CEN methods are validated for important crops only. 

Multi-residue Method S19 of the DFG Manual,including Cieanup Procedure Xll-6 (gel-chromatographic cleanup), has been used successfully in many laboratories because of its broad applicability for the gas-chromatographic determination of pesticide residues in foodstuffs. DFG method S19 is also included in the respective European Standards. Subsequently, a modification of the extraction and partition step has been implemented. The modified method requires less experimental effort and eliminates the use of dichloromethane, which is an undesirable solvent for toxicological and ecological reasons. As the results from validation studies demonstrate,... 

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