Economic consequences

Global demand for thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) is estimated at 2 million tonnes in 2005 and is forecast to increase by 6% per year. TPEs as a whole represent roughly 10% of elastomers or 1% of plastics. Consequently, economic statistics are rare and we can only make some assumptions concerning the consumption of each family ... 

This implies consequent economic savings, as vaccines (particularly subunit and vector vaccines) are far more expensive to produce than the adjuvant. 

The lyophilized cake must then be milled. Compared with particles generated by spray drying, the particle size of milled lyophilized powders generally has a broader distribution than does spray-dried powder, which is formed one particle at a time in a continuous process. Despite the longer processing time necessary to create a dry powder through lyophilization (and the consequent economic implications), this process can provide the formulator with better control of the powder in its solid state. 

Adaptability. In the future the market for low sulfur fuel oil may become less attractive for several reasons. Among these are increasing use of nuclear energy, installation of stack gas-desulfurization processes, and increased availability of low sulfur fuels. Should this occur it would be desirable to put to alternative use any facility installed today to desulfurize fuel oil. At such a time, the market could revert to the traditional U.S. pattern in which high sulfur residual oil is a low value material, and there would be a consequent economic incentive to convert it to lighter products. 

For some SMETs there are no suitable PT schemes available at the moment. The low diffusion of SMETs, their scarce motivation and thus attitude to apply proper quality control measures results in a very low participation in PT schemes. Therefore commercial PT schemes providers are not motivated to offer PT schemes designed specifically for SMETs, being the risk of failure with consequent economic losses far to high to be taken. 

The calcareous deposit formed on cathodically protected metal surfaces will also be affected by the presence of micro-organisms and macro-fouling. Physical disruption and alteration of structure, composition and crystal form will influence the response to cathodic protection. The consequent economic implications of changes in current density requirement for protection, and the engineering design implications and associated economics may be significant [Maines 1993]. Work is therefore required to improve the understanding of the relationship between... 

The very nature of these requirements leads to a conservative design philosophy and yet, as the second Windscale Plant has proved, the reward is high utilization and longevity, with consequent economic benefits. 

General terminology for risk and risk management is necessary. Omission of systematic approach in this field leads to misimderstanding between specialists in different branches of human society and consequent economical loss connected with bad decision-making. 

Cases 7 (with) and 8 (without) in Table 4.1 show that the use of a reflector provides for a significant reduction in critical mass with consequent economic savings. Following the establishment of the reference fuel composition (Sects. 4.1.3 and 4.1.4), another study, similar to that reported in Table 4.1, was conducted to determine the optimal reflector thickness for the reference fuel. 

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