Organisations global

World Meteorological Organisation (1991) Scientific assessment of ozone depletion 1991. World Meteorological Organisation global ozone research and monitoring project. Report No. 25. WMO, Geneva, Switzerland. 

A. McCulloch, J. Fluorine Chem. 123 (2003) 21 J. Lucas, J. Fluorine Chem. 41 (1988) 1 The Flandbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 3, Part N Organofluorines, A.FI. Neilson (Ed.), Springer, Berlin, 2002 J.P. Friend, Natural Chlorine and Fluorine in the Atmosphere, Water and Precipitation, Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone, in World Meterological Organisation Global Ozone Project Report, 1989 No. 20,Vol. 2, p. 429. 

Penkett S. A., Butler J. H., Reeves C. E., Singh H. B., Toohey D., and Weiss R. E. (1995) Methyl bromide. In Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1994, World Meteorological Organisation Global Ozone and Monitoring Project Report No. 37, chap. 10. 

The prime global authority is the International Maritime Organisation. The IMO sets the standards and guidelines for the removal of offshore installations. The guidelines specify that installations in less than 75 meters of water with substructures weighing less than 4,000 tons be completely removed from the site. Those in deeper water must be removed to a depth of 55 meters below the surface so that there is no hazard to navigation. In some countries the depth to which structures have to be removed has already been extended to 100m. 

Standards may be developed at global level through the International Standards Organisation (ISO) or the equivalent International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) for electrical equipment. These contain representatives from standards bodies... 

In most of the world s watercourses, dramatic modifications have occurred as a consequence of their intensive use by human societies [1]. Pollution, water abstraction, riparian simplification, bank alteration, straightening of watercourses, dam construction, and species introduction are widespread perturbations in river ecosystems. These human-driven alterations are part of global changes. The simplification of the channel network and the alteration of water fluxes reduce the capacity of fluvial systems to recover from namral disturbances. Hydrologic alterations affect the functional organisation of streams and rivers, and lead to a simplification and impoverishment of the biota within these ecosystems. 

One of the most debated environmental issues of the past fifteen to twenty years has been the exploitation of the forests for wood for paper making. Approximately 30% of the earth s land surface is forested, and around half of this is harvested commercially for industrial purposes (Chapter 1). Over 80% of this wood for industrial use comes from the forests of North America, Europe and what was formerly the Soviet Union. Wood has been the primary fibre source for pulp and paper production world-wide for many years, and it is necessary to take a global view of its consumption. Wood consumption world-wide has more than doubled since 1950 from 1.5 billion to 3.5 billion m3 (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation). Approximately half of this is used for fuelwood and half for industrial use. The principal driving force for this increase in consumption has been the increase in world population which shows a close correlation with wood consumption (Figure 10.1). 

World Health Organisation Obesity Preventing and managing the global epidemic. 2000. Technical Report Series. Number 894, 265pp epub http // WWW. who. int/bookorders / index, htm... 

The economic framework conditions for hazardous substance substitution have thus also changed considerably in the course of the past twenty years. Many commodities are produced today in globally organised supply chains the origin, quality and application conditions of process chemicals and product components is complex. Developing appropriate management systems for product quality and product safety requires considerable organisational innovation by the companies involved. 

Economics is about the allocation of resources to production and the distribution of the outputs that result. Economics exists as a discipline because the resources available globally, nationally, regionally or to any industry, organisation or individual are finite. At the same time, it would appear that no amount of output could ever satisfy all human wants and desires. Taken together, this means that choices about the level of resources to allocate to various sectors of the economy or to the production of specific outputs within those sectors are unavoidable. Equally, choices about distribution cannot be escaped. Thus, economics is the science of making choices. 

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