Organisational factors

Our conclusion therefore is that the auditing tool described by Reason may certainly complement a NMMS as described in Chapter 4, and might also serve to cross-check the NMMS s results on Organisational factors (see Chapter 5), but will not be able to replace a NMMS aimed at all three purposes to be outlined in section 3.3. 

Human (operator) Error cannot be separated entirely from the Technical and Organisational context of task performance (see figure 2.1). At the very least one should know the importance of Human Behaviour relative to that of the Technical and Organisational factors in understanding the causes of accidents and near misses. On the basis of our own pilot CCR studies (Van der Schaaf, 1989) the following extensions arc suggested ... 

The main category of Organisational Factors is subdivided into ... 

In the previous chapters the purposes of near miss reporting have been outlined and a framework of designing such a safety management tool has been presented. The importance of human behaviour as a dominant factor in incident sequences was stressed by developing a system failure classification scheme largely based on a theoretical model of operator behaviour. Also an overview was given of the organisational factors necessary for a successful implementation of a NMMS. 

Mearns. K., Flin, R., Fleming, M. and Gordon, R. (1997) Human and Organisational Factors in Offshore Safety. OTH 87 543. HSE Books Suffolk. 

Attempts that have been made to date to incorporate these issues into consideration of risk have not been very successful, primarily because of the three issues described earlier difficulty in linking organisational factors into the current risk management tools lack of a universally agreed framework for organisation issues and a narrow understanding of the concept of risk leading to a misconception about what can and cannot reasonably be addressed in a safety case. 

HEP is evaluated in practice using relevant human reliahiUty analysis (HRA) method with appropriate treating of hiunan and organisational factors that also influence dependencies between abnormal events. The human reliahiUty assessment should be context oriented (Hollnagel 2005). 

The developments are assumed to have some effect (positive or negative) on the risk the effect working through a set of risk influencingfactors (RIFs - including technical, human and organisational factors) in a risk influence model. A RIF is a set of relatively stable conditions influencing the risk that may be improved or worsened by specific actions. 

Rued, W., Mosleh, A., Vinnem, J.E., Aven, T. 2009. On the use of the hybrid causal logic method in offshore risk analysis. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 94 445-455. Sklet, S., Aven, T., Hauge, S., Vinnem, J.E. 2005. Jjjjjjrgorat ing human and organisational factors in risk analysis for offshore installations. In Kolowrocki, K. ei.). Advances In Safety and Reliability 1839-1847. Leiden Balkema. (ESREL 2005). 

Further research already in progress (Jarvis et al. 2009 ) intends to analyze in-depth the results from two OPs questionnaire surveys and to test the model of safety culture. Another kind of study approach would be more suitable for probing deeper into safety culture issues at the company level, policies and practice in OH S. Authors planned the first longitudinal study of OH S approaches at the workplace level in Estonia, which will allow gaining insight about various organisational factors that might have... 

As seen with the OMT-RIFs, they are very much the same. The recommendations and the result are interesting for identifying requirements for the critical steps. Typically standard QRA-studies are mainly focusing on the technical factors, but in an evacuation situation the human and organisational factors are of high importance. 

Simard, M. and Marchand, A. 1995. A multilevel analysis of organisational factors related to the taking of safety initiatives by workgroups. Safety Science, 21, 113-29. 

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