Three-way separation

Fig. 6.17 Three-way separation by two-way ejection. Instead of a single rear-firing ejector bank, the Niagara is fitted with a second bank to fire in the forward direction.

Fig. 6.18 Three-way separation by two-way ejection for green beans. From left to right accept accept with stalks reject.

Three-way separator (Sharpies Auto- liquids Wool grease from IS SOO-500 (large) 1,500... 

Figure 14, based on the same three-way separation principle, shows greater complexity in systems due to the numerous purification techniques in use. 

Analytical separations may be classified in three ways by the physical state of the mobile phase and stationary phase by the method of contact between the mobile phase and stationary phase or by the chemical or physical mechanism responsible for separating the sample s constituents. The mobile phase is usually a liquid or a gas, and the stationary phase, when present, is a solid or a liquid film coated on a solid surface. Chromatographic techniques are often named by listing the type of mobile phase, followed by the type of stationary phase. Thus, in gas-liquid chromatography the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is a liquid. If only one phase is indicated, as in gas chromatography, it is assumed to be the mobile phase. 

Mica splittings are processed from lower quaUty blocks and from sheets too thin for blocks and unsatisfactory for producing film. The splittings are packed for sale in three ways book form, which are laminae spHt to the desired thickness from the same book of mica, then dusted with mica dust, and restacked in book form pan packed, in which splitting layers are placed evenly in a pan, and each layer separated by a thin sheet of paper then pressed together and loose packed, in which splittings are si2ed with screens then padded loosely in a wooden box for shipment. 

Membrane System Design Features For the rate process of permeation to occur, there must be a driving force. For gas separations, that force is partial pressure (or fugacity). Since the ratio of the component fluxes determines the separation, the partial pressure of each component at each point is important. There are three ways of driving the process Either high partial pressure on the feed side (achieved by high total pressure), or low partial pressure on the permeate side, which may be achieved either by vacuum or by introduc-... 

A chromatographic separation can be developed in three ways, by displacement development, by frontal analysis, and by elution development, the last being almost universally used in all analytical chromatography. Nevertheless, for the sake of completeness, and because in preparative chromatography (under certain conditions of mass overload) displacement effects occur to varying extents, all three development processes will be described. 

Where a brine system services a multiple-temperature installation such as a range of food stores, the coolant maybe too cold for some conditions, causing excessive dehydration of the product. In such cases, to cool these rooms the brine must be blended. A separate three-way blending valve and pump will be required for each room (see Figure 12.6). 

Fig. 16. Small-scalo laboratory cell for preparative electrolysis. A, Pt gauze working electrode. B, Pt sheet secondary electrode. C, Reference electrode. D, Luggin capillary on a syringe barrel so that the position of the tip of the Luggin probe relative to the working electrode is readily adjustable. E, Glass sinter to separate anode and cathode compartments. F, Gas inlet to allow stirring with inert gas or the continuous introduction of reactant. G, Three-way tap where a boundary between the reference electrode and the working solutions may be formed.

The submitters recommend that the solvent be distilled under nitrogen into a two-necked receiving flask fitted with a three-way stopcock. The receiving flask is separated from the distillation apparatus under a rapid nitrogen flow and fitted quickly with a rubber septum. The solvent is then transferred to the reaction vessel by needlestock techniques. 

Defoamers are used in oil extraction, such as in drilling muds and cementation, and also directly with crude oil itself. In its natural state, a crude oil contains dissolved gases at the pressure of the reservoir. When the pressure is reduced, the gases are liberated and troublesome foam can develop. There are three ways to prevent foaming in gas-oil separation ... 

The simplest type of two-dimensional gas diromatography for heart cutting or trace enrichment using a packed precolumn and a capillary column is shown in Figure 8.16 [205]. Almost any modem gas chromatograph could be converted into a similar unit with the addition of a few auxiliary components. Preliminary separation t2dces place on the packed column, the effluent from which is directed either to a vent or to the capillary inlet by the Deans switch, nie effluent reaching the capillary inlet is split three ways. One portion passes to a detector used to monitor the preseparation, a second portion enters the cap Bry column and is... 

The phase rule has been applied more conveniently to ESP measurements taken as a function of temperature. Again, Gershfeld (1982) has shown that a plateau or discontinuity in the ESP versus temperature plot may be indicative of a three-way equilibrium between the floating crystal and the separate monolayer phases that have spread from this crystal. This treatment has been used to argue for the existence of surface bilayers of phosphatidylcholine derivatives (Gershfeld, 1986, 1988). 

There are three ways that compounds are identified once separated. The simplest is that for which chromatography is named. If a mixture of colored compounds is separated, then when each compound elutes from a column, or where they are on a thin layer or gel is found by searching for the color. Most species, however, are not colored. Therefore, after separating colorless components, they must be identified by other means. This can be done in two ways. The first and simplest is by Rt or Ru which are the distance, relative to some fixed point, that compounds move during a chromatographic procedure (Rt) or between the time they enter the chromatographic column and the time they... 

Single-stranded DNA or RNA may adopt hairpin structures in which the distance between two sequences is much shorter than in the absence of hairpin. Figure B9.4.1 shows two synthetic targets, both containing 45 nucleotides, but only the first one is able to form a hairpin via a loop of four thymines. The second one is used as a control. Both contain the complementary sequences for ethidium-13-mer and 11-mer-coumarin separated by the same number of bases. The efficiency of energy transfer from coumarin to ethidium is dose to zero for the control, whereas it is about 25% in the hairpin structure. This value is low but the spatial conformation of this particular three-way junction is only partially known, and the transfer efhdency depends on the relative orientation and/or distance between coumarin and ethidium. 

There are basically three ways in which separation methods can be performed. They are most easily described in relation to chromatography but they are also relevant to other methods such as electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. 

The three-way DNA junction (also called Holliday junction) has been studied by single molecule AFM analysis [48]. DNA molecules have been dispersed in saline buffer injected in a fluid cell mounted on the top of the APTES mica. Fig. 10 presents two consecutive AFM scans (separated by approximately 3 min) of 301 bp DNA molecules containing a 7 bp hairpin. Also Fig. 11 presents the AFM images of representative slipped strand DNA structures. The 3D projections of the (CGGjso (CCGjso slipped strand structures... 

Hasan Tiro was well placed to convey to the Republican leadership his view of Aceh s past and present. When the Republican vice-premier, Sjafruddin Prawinegara, moved to the Aceh capital in August 1948 to ensure the Republic had a safe base should negotiations go badly, Hasan Tiro went with him as an assistant. The young man had a hand in persuading Sjafruddin to a view sympathetic to PUSA both on the position of the imprisoned uleebalang and on the need for Aceh autonomy. He issued a decree on 17 December 1949 constituting Aceh a separate Republican Province, contrary to the tidy three-way partition of Sumatra in earlier documents. Once this conflict was over Hasan Tiro went, with Sjafruddin s help, to New York to pursue his studies and help out at Indonesia s United Nations (UN) mission (Sulaiman 1997 328). 

A dry 250-ml., one-necked, round-bottomed flask is equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a three-way stopcock. The flask is charged with 4 g. (0.053 mole) of ethyl nitrite (Note 1), 4 g. of dry tetrahydrofuran (Note 2), and 2.35 g. (0.033 mole) of pyrrolidine (Note 3) The stopcock is closed (Note 4), and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 days Excess ethyl nitrite, tetrahydrofuran, and the ethanol formed are removed from the N-nitrosopyrrolidine (Note 5) by stirring at 25° under reduced pressure (10 mm., water aspirator, Note 6) for 2 hours. The stopcock is fitted with a rubber septum, the air in the system is replaced by dry argon (Notes 4 and 7), and 50 ml. of tetrahydrofuran is injected by syringe. A solution of lithium diisopropylamide is prepared in a separate dry 100-ml. flask by adding 21.1 ml (0 034 mole) of a 1.61 M solution of butyllithium in hexane (Note 8) to a solution of 4.76 ml. (0.034 mole) of diisopropylamine (Note 9) in 25 ml of tetrahydrofuran at -78° (dry ice-methanol bath) with... 

A typical meter site in the Conroe unit was shown in Fig. 8. The three-way, two-position divert valve is the First point in the system where CPC has control. An RTU provides signals to the meter site with an electronic output, which controls the divert valves to direct individual wells to production or test. Since emulsion from both the production and test separators flow through a common NOD, net oil measurement must be kept separate to record total meter site production and individual well production. Separate measurements are accomplished through time-sharing control circuits in the automation control panel. Control signals open and close... 

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