Organisational processes

Hazen and Deamer looked at the chemical and physical properties of the end products of hypothetical prebiotic reactions carried out under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature, for example in CCh-rich regions of hydrothermal vents. The results of laboratory experiments indicate that prebiotic syntheses leading to a variety of products could have occurred in hydrothermal systems some of these have amphiphilic properties, and would have been capable of self-organisation processes. 

Cycle 3 this is the membrane growth cycle. The starting material for the outer envelope of the system comes from cycle 1 and is capable of self-organisation processes which lead to the membrane (T. Ganti, 1997). 

According to Erich Jantsch, self-organisation is the dynamic principle behind the emergence of the rich world of biological, ecological, societal and cultural structures (Jantsch, 1980). As can be seen from the definition, self-organisation processes are highly complex. They can include ... 

Here are some examples of chemical and biochemical self-organisation processes ... 

According to Stuart Kauffman, self-organisation processes initiate a trend which leads to more complex states of the system. In living systems, there are two forces which determine order (Kauffman, 1995) ... 

Attempts have recently been made to link the RNA world with the lipid world. Two groups involved in RNA and ribozyme research joined up with an expert on membrane biophysics (Szostak et al., 2001). They developed a model for the formation of the first protocells which takes into account both the most recent experimental results on replication systems and the self-organisation processes of amphiphilic substances to give supramolecular structures. 

The great importance of minerals in prebiotic chemical reactions is undisputed. Interactions between mineral surfaces and organic molecules, and their influence on self-organisation processes, have been the subject of much study. New results from Szostak and co-workers show that the formation of vesicles is not limited to one type of mineral, but can involve various types of surfaces. Different minerals were studied in order to find out how particle size, particle shape, composition and charge can influence vesicle formation. Thus, for example, montmorillonite (Na and K10), kaolinite, talc, aluminium silicates, quartz, perlite, pyrite, hydrotalcite and Teflon particles were studied. Vesicle formation was catalysed best by aluminium solicate, followed by hydrotalcite, kaolinite and talcum (Hanczyc et al., 2007). 

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a quality system concerned with the organisational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported. Adherence by test facilities to the principles of GLP ensures that there is a proper plan-... 

Positive enthalpy and entropy terms were calculated meaning that, contrary to self-organisation processes in apolar solvents, the enthalpic gain and entropic cost are completely overriden by solvation effects. Attempted inclusion of even small diatomic guests leads to a widening and thus a destabilisation of the cap-... 

The term fractal, introduced by B. B. Mandelbrot almost 20 years ago, is of central importance ior underfunding the basic growth and self-organisation processes in nature. H.-O. Pcitgen et al. cite Mandelbrot as follows ... 

Metal-containing NLO chromophores were involved in these different approaches but generally the metal does not play any role in the orienta-tion/organisation process. In this chapter the focus is on only two examples where the metallic centre is clearly responsible for the macroscopic orientation the supramolecular octupolar self-ordering within metallodendri-mers and crystal engineering using a metal/organic framework (MOF). 

The high-energy input necessary for preparing multiphase polymer systems or other colloidal systems pushes these systems far from equilibrium at a critical concentration the energy input and the entropy export are so far above their critical values (i.e. they are supercritical) that a self-organisation process occurs in the form of a phase transition. This is the short, summarised main principle on which the new viewpoint [37] is based. 

Whether or not IG is managed under the safety umbrella or some other organisational process should be agreed and documented in the SMS. 

Haro, E. and Kleiner, B.M. (2008) Macroergonomics as an organising process for systems safety. Applied Ergonomics, 39(4), 450-8. 

It should be always very important to remember that self-organising processes have to be considered at least on three scales the one of interest, the upper (constraint) one and the lower one (significance). If some components of an autocatalytic set are excluded, the system will appear as linear. It is what happens to the classical theory of succession, because e.g. the landscape is never considered as a basic parameter. Therefore, in landscape bionomic the importance of ecological succession as linear and divided into primary and secondary phases is drastically reduced. 

Zeneca Fine Chemicals Manufacturing Organisation, Process Studies Group, Leeds Road, Huddersfield HD2 IFF, UK... 

These findings are reinforced when one considers in more detail the use of tools and techniques across the five broad business activities defined earlier in chapter 1. There it was argued that in the operations and production function the major business activities can be sub-divided into product and competence development planning, design and work organisation, process and systems improvement, performance measurement and, IT and Internet solutions. Clearly, there is necessarily some overlap between these activities, and this fact is captured in Table 7.3 where the tools and techniques found to be in use are listed by the relevant business activities. As is clear from this analysis some tools and techniques can be used in more than one business activity and, when this occurs, the tool or technique has been recorded under each relevant business activity. This also means that the figures do not sum to 100%. 

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