TECHNICAL CRITERIA

The safety principles and technical criteria are intended to form a common basis for the subsequent development of more detailed and quantitative performance standards, some of which may need to be site specific in nature. 

The book is concerned with the post-closure period. Consideration of the operational requirements which must be met when wastes are being handled, stored and emplaced are not therefore included. 

This book does not address the need for, nor the form or content of, any retrievability requirements that might be appropriate, either during the period of waste emplacement or during a subsequent testing or observation period prior to final sealing of the repository. 

Because the text was developed with particular regard to disposal of high level wastes in deep underground repositories, these safety principles and technical criteria are not necessarily suitable for disposal of other types of wastes or for disposal of high level wastes by other means such as sub-sea-bed emplacement. 

The book begins with a set of definitions considered necessary to provide a proper understanding of the text (Section 2). Next, the safety principles and technical criteria are presented as two separate groups. In the first group are the basic safety principles, including those that arise directly from radiological protection principles 

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The user inspectorate must fulfil the same technical criteria as the notified body. In addition, it must be organisationally identifiable and demonstrate its impartiality. It must not engage in any activities that might conflict with its independence of judgement and integrity. Given that the authorisation of user inspectorates to carry out conformity assessment is an innovation for technical harmonisation at Union level, the Commission shall monitor the application of this measure and evaluate its effects three years after the coming into force of the directive. 

The first step is to identify the substances present at the workplace. As a starting point, knowledge of the process is needed in order to formulate a list of all chemical agents used in the establishment. The list should include not only primary products but also intermediate and final products, as well as reaction products and by-products. For the chemical agents in the list, it is necessary to know their chemical properties, especially hazardous ones their OEL values, including biological limit values and, where these are not available, other technical criteria that can be used to evaluate the risk. It is also helpful to include any information on the safety and health risks of those substances provided by the supplier or other readily available sources. This information on dangerous substances and preparations, in the form of safety data sheets, is intended primarily for industrial users, to enable them to take the measures necessary to ensure the safety and health of workers. 

Significance of the predicted impacts should be assessed in the process of impact evaluation or interpretation. At this stage the health risk estimates (quantitative and qualitative) are analyzed in terms of their acceptability against relevant regulatory and/or technical criteria environmental quality standards or exposure limits. 

Crude oil is generally categorised as conventional and unconventional. However, there is no exact definition of these two terms and the meaning depends on whether the distinction is made according to physical or economic/technical criteria (Kagi et al., 2003). 

In many applications several quite different technical criteria must be successfully fulfilled before the product will work , and even then cost and scale-up and commercial criteria must be met. A good example is detergent enzymes where scientists had to discover proteases that would be active and stable under conditions of high pH and temperature and in the presence of oxidising and surface active agents. The same criteria exists for lipases for use in detergents. However, suitable lipases proved rather more difficult to find than the B. subtilis proteases that are used... 

NRC, "Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Wastes In Geologic Repositories Technical Criteria, 10 CFR Part 60, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1982. 

W4. Withold, W., Monitoring of bone turnover. Biological, preanalytical and technical criteria in the assessment of biochemical markers. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 34, 785-796 (1996). 

Bring industry experts together to establish technical criteria for hydrogen energy components and systems nearing commercialization. 

The calculated value for this ratio Da/St amounted to 1.38 and this way by far exceeds the tolerable value of 0.55 A performance of this process may therefore not be permitted due to the violation of safety technical criteria. 

Technical criteria of plasticized PVC comprise the gelation behavior (measured as the temperature to fuse the plas-ticizer/PVC mixture), which varies between 80 and 180 °C depending on the plasticizer activity and the performance at high (processing) and low temperature. For example, adipate plasticizers allow use at lower temperatures than... 

Following a brief description of some selected technical criteria which may be used for the rational selection of oxygen mediating membranes, a discussion follows on some partial oxidation chemistries which we hope will illustrate the potential of this OTM technology. 

Performance against the three following IFOAM principles has not been monitored sufficiently to demonstrate overall levels of impact much less continuous improvement. These principles appear to have remained at the level of general statements. They need to evolve into technical criteria with measurable standards. 

The selection of the mould type is mainly based on technical criteria. The applicability of the various moulding types is summarised in Table 4.19. Additionally, Table 4.20 gives the general properties of various systems. 

Steel is melted in both electric arc furnaces (EAF) and induction furnaces (IF). The choice between furnace types is based on technical criteria (e.g. capacity, steel grade). Due to its refining ability, the EAF allows the melting of lower grade scrap. This is an advantage in terms of the recycling of metals, but requires an appropriate flue-gas capture and cleaning system, as will be presented below. 

For the melting of copper, lead and zinc and their alloys, induction or crucible furnaces are used. For copper alloys, hearth type furnaces are used as well. The selection depends on technical criteria. 

Dow has patented both a fixed bed supported catalyst and a fluidized bed reactor. The fluidized bed has a slightly higher selectivity, and would probably be easier to manage the heat load than the less expensive fixed bed reactor. You should use economics and technical criteria to guide your decision about which reactor technology to use in the plant design, and discuss this major decision in your report. 

Whereas the Double Hearts section showed how double subject pop-ups can be made when both subjects are large in area, this section shows how two subjects that are very different in shape and size can be made not only to pop-up, but also to touch (the arrow must always pierce the heart). These new requirements necessitate a new set of technical criteria. As always, it is important to measure and assemble with care. 

Technical criteria are generally quantitative (probabilistic) and mostly on lower levels (subsidiary). They typically concern core damage, unacceptable release, and unacceptable health risks. In later years, some countries have defined separate criteria to address robustness in defence in depth, e.g., by having a separate criterion for reactor containment integrity. 

VI.14] MINISTRY FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY, Technical Criteria for Nuclear Power Stmctme, Notification No. 501, MITI, Tokyo (1980). 

Figure 3.3. Classification of bioreactor types on the basis of technical criteria, with examples of known reactor designs. (From A. Moser, 1977a).

Criteria for selection of a molten salt for transport of heat should inelude criteria to assure ehemical plant safety. In most cases, this criterion is not expected to have a significant impact on the choice of molten salt. The transport of heat imposes two technical criteria on the choice of the salt (1) thermally stable at very high temperatures and (2) compatible with the materials of construction used for piping and heat exchangers. These criteria require selection of fluoride salts that are thermodynamically very stable. This required characteristic also makes exothermic chemical reactions with chemical process reagents unlikely in practical systems. 

The main technical criteria for selection of a high-performance cathode material include... 

Technical Criteria Membranes Energy consumption Materials Products... 

Phthalates (and particularly phthalates with a branched structure) account for about 85% by tonnage of the plasticisers used in flexible PVC because they are cheap and meet the technical criteria well. Sebacates, and to some extent adipates, give far superior low temperature performance, but cost factors limit their use sebacates are limited to very low temperature applications. Adipates also suffer from higher volatility than phthalates. 

Technical criteria for the design of foundation slabs and perimetral wall in difficult terrain in South East Madrid, Spain... 

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