Organised systems

Equilibrium thermodynamics was developed about 150 years ago. It is concerned only with the achievement of an equilibrium state, without taking into account the time which a system requires for the transition from an initial to a final state. Thus, only the thermodynamics of irreversible processes can be used to describe processes which lead to the formation of self-organising systems. Here, the time factor, and thus also the rate at which material reactions occur, is taken into account. Evolutionary processes are irreversibly coupled with temporal sequences, so that classical thermodynamics no longer suffices to describe them (Schuster and Sigmund, 1982). 

Shape of Organised Systems and Energy Maintained Form. 96... 

Energy, Order and Disorder, and Organised Systems 3.4.2. Clouds... 

Excited complex formation and photo-induced electron-transfer reactions in organised systems. 94... 

With an effort to make the method work in an organised system of users in diverse laboratories, potential systematic error sources will tend to be diffused in a... 

Several existing typologies of tourist markets and roles use travelling style variables as the basic dimensions to construct organising systems. For... 

The first of the organising systems can be labelled an activities approach. In response to the question What is this destination like , listings of available activities in an area are frequently drawn up, thus defining both the commercial and the public opportunities available to visitors to the region. At times the overall listing is supplemented by profiles of activities for a particular market. For example, adventure-oriented tourists may be targeted in publications that list companies offering adrenalin-rush opportunities. 

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