Complexity organised system

A hypercycle is a more complex organisation form. Its precondition is the presence of several RNA quasi-species which are able to amalgamate chemically with certain proteins (enzymes or their precursors). If such a protein is linked to a quasi-species, the resulting duo favours the replication of a second quasispecies. According to Dyson, the linked populations get stuck in a stable equilibrium. Problems occur at this level Any theory on the origin of replication has the central problem that the replication process must occur perfectly in order to ensure survival . If there are replication errors, these will increase from generation to generation, until the system collapses the error catastrophe has then occurred ... 

Genuine self-organisation, i.e., self-organisation as a property of the system. Here, a system with a high degree of complexity organises itself under certain conditions. A typical example is Eigen s hypercycle model (see Sect. 8.3). 

The boundaries drawn between British and Dutch spheres in what the British called the Malay World were arbitrary. The peoples and histories in the space that came to be Malaysia were not fundamentally different from those that came to be Indonesia save for their more recent, immigrant quality. Indonesia had by far the more intractable assemblage of ethnies rooted in distinctive histories, languages and literatures. Yet it is Malaysia that has the complex federal system, while Indonesia remains, with China, the world s largest experiment in organising exceptional cultural diversity through a unitary state. 

Excited complex formation and photo-induced electron-transfer reactions in organised systems. 94... 

The description of structure in complex chemical systems necessarily involves a hierarchical approach we first analyse microstructure (at the atomic level), then mesostructure (the molecular level) and so on. This approach is essential in many biological systems, since self-assembly in the formation of biological structures often takes place at many levels. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in the complex structures formed by amphiphilic proteins that spontaneously associate in water. For example myosin molecules associate into thick threads in an aqueous solution. Actin can be transformed in a similar way from a monomeric molecular solution into helical double strands by adjusting the pH and ionic strength of the aqueous medium. The superstructure in muscle represents a higher level of organisation of such threads into an arrangement of infinite two-dimensional periodicity. 

This book is mainly concerned with the first two of these problems although the programming techniques used should prove of general utility. Fortunately, there are now available very powerful software tools which help considerably with the enormous organisational tasks associated with maintaining complex software systems ... 

From time to time most complex HIT systems unexpectedly become partly or fully unavailable. Modem systems are architected to minimise the impact of such occurrences on the level of service experienced by the user. Indeed some contracts penalise hosting organisations significantly should they arise. The move towards software as a service means that systems can be hosted on highly resilient platforms in state... 

The threshold between order and chaos seems to be an essential requisite of complex adaptive self-organising systems (order at the edge of chaos). As these systems are dissipative, an order through fluctuations is effective in working between the above mentioned conditions. 

A full understanding of photosynthesis thus requires (a) investigations of relatively simple donor-acceptor systems in solution (see Section 9.2.2.3 seq.) (b) extension of these studies to models of reaction centres [48] and (c) their behaviour in organised systems such as micelles [49] and model membranes [50], leading up to (d) in-vivo investigations of bacterial photosynthesis [51] and finally of the more complex systems in higher organisms [52]. 

The new regulations give more attention to problems of responsibilities in complex contractor systems. However, the changes in organisational constellations happen so fast that it can be questioned if the proposed regulations are able to cope with those control problems. 

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