Safety requirements

The approach to handling safety issues for hydrogen applications in the energy sector, affecting society broadly in a number of different ways, requires consistent standards in several areas from production to use and also requires a way of handling the unanticipated safety-related events bound to occur in a technology that is significantly different from that currently used. 

The majority of hydrogen safety studies focus on the properties of hydrogen as such, in relation to burning, to explosions and to diffusion into unwanted locations. The basic properties of hydrogen were compared to those of other fuels in Table 2.3 in Chapter 2, section 2.3.3. Some of these numbers are still being refined by new measurements, e.g., the flammability safety limits (Chan et al, 2004). 

The numbers in Table 5.1 are from Germany and imply a person fatality rate of 10 y or 4.8 x 10 y per car registered in Germany (EEA, 2002). A similar distribution is foimd in the United States, except that the per capita fatality rate is 1.6 times higher than in Germany. Since most accidents are caused by driver errors, auto-pilot technology could presumably reduce the 

Specific safety analyses are made for hydrogen vehicles used in public transportation, such as city buses, as it is generally accepted that per passenger accident and fatality rates should be lower in public transport than for individual driving (Perrette et al, 2003). 

Special precautions must be taken in a geothermal acid job, especially in the remote or jungle locations common to geothermal fields. The safety of local inhabitants who reside near the well sites is of paramount concern. All empty chemical containers must be cleaned and disposed of immediately. 

Tambini, andM. Galoppini. 1988. Key factors for enhanced results of matrix stimulation treatments. Paper SPE 17154, presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineers Formation Damage Control Symposium, Bakersfield, CA. Paccaloni, G. 1995. Anew, effective matrix stimulation diversion technique. SPE Production and Facilities. August 151-156. 

Paper SPE 107296, presented at the European Formation Damage Conference, Scheveningen, The Netherlands. 

Paccaloni, Tambini, and Galoppini, 1988, paper SPE 17154. Paccaloni, SPE Production and Facilities, August 1995. 

Messer, Pye, and Gidim, Journal of Petroleum Technology. September 1978 1225. 

The following general points about safe working practice in the laboratory should be adhered to  

Protective clothing, usually lab coats, should be worn at all times in the laboratory. Protective glasses should be worn when using hazardous chemicals. For many purposes normal reading glasses (preferably with plastic lenses) will offer sufficient protection, but this does not apply to contact lenses which make the eye difficult to wash in case of accident. Gloves and masks should be worn when needed. 

Precautions avoid naked flames, heat, friction or mechanical shock 

Hazard a substance which may become hot and catch fire on contact 

Precautions avoid contact with air, avoid heat and sources of ignition 

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These safety requirements cannot be accepted by the paper mills under the economical pressure of the globalisation. 

In addition to carbon and glass fibers ia composites, aramid and polyimide fibers are also used ia conjunction with epoxy resias. Safety requirements by the U.S. Federal Aeronautics Administration (FAA) have led to the development of flame- and heat-resistant seals and stmctural components ia civiUan aircraft cabias. Wool blend fabrics containing aramids, poly(phenylene sulfide), EDF, and other inherently flame-resistant fibers and fabrics containing only these highly heat- and flame-resistant fibers are the types most frequently used ia these appHcations. 

Coal-Mine Dusting. A steady market for pulverized limestone is ia dusting coal mines with a noncombustible mineral dust as a federally mandated mine safety requirement. Of aU mineral dusts, limestone is by far the most commonly used (60—75% 0.074 mm (200 mesh)). Consumption ia 1991 was... 

American Insurance Association (AIA) 85 John Street New York, NY 10038 Handbook of Industrial Safety Standards, AssoersiXionoi Q2LSuS. ty 2iad Surety Companies, New York, 1962. Compilation of industrial safety requirements based on codes and recommendations of the ANSI, the National Eire Protection Association (now part of AIA), the ASME, and several government agencies. 

Many more suppHers and information about their product line can be obtained from compilations such as the Modem Plastics Pmyclopedia (1) and the Thomas Register of Mmerican Manufacturers (2). The choice of a release agent depends on the process conditions involved and the nature of the contacting substrates (3). Apart from the obvious ease of release, other important requirements are minimal buildup of residues on mold substrate, minimal effect on the molded article, adequate film-forming abiHty, compatibiHty with secondary operations and other processing parameters, health and safety requirements, and cost. 

E. Michal, ed.. Safety Requirements for Contraceptive Steroids, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980. 

Safety requirements (explosive environment, aggressive fluids,. . . )... 

Exceptions to the preceding requirements would apply where explosionproof equipment is needed building ceiling heights are such that the standard 3.7-m (12-ft) lift is all that wih ever be needed and loads will never exceed 1 to 1.5 tons. Safety requirements for lift trucks are mandated by OSHA, by NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health), by State Depts. of Labor, and often by individual company standards. Among these requirements are backup-movement signals, seat belts, overhead framework for pro-... 

NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces. 

Isolator near the motor Is also recommended, when the motor Is away or not visible from the switching station (it is a safety requirement)... 

But they are also rated for the same fault level for which the system is designed as they are connected directly to the system. This is a safety requirement. Similarly, in a draw-out sw itchgear assembly, the 1,/C and O/G power contacts of a module and its mounts (insulators and supports) being already protected may be. suitable only for the thermal rating of their feeders. 

Shunt power capacitors of non self-healing types up to and including 1000 V General performance, testing and rating. Safety requirements. Guide for installation and operation 13585-1/1994 BS EN 60931-1/1996... 

Protection and safety requirements Installation and maintenance of capacitor units Test requirements... 

Hydrogen is involved in cathodic protection with magnesium anodes on account of the high contribution of self-corrosion. This must be considered in its use in closed containers, e.g., boilers. In enamelled boilers there is no danger from deflagration of the oxy-hydrogen gas under normal service conditions [2] however safety requirements must be observed [28,29], particularly with routine maintenance work. 

The greatest possible safety against corrosion damage is achieved by passive protection with coatings in combination with cathodic protection. Therefore coating and cathodic protection of pipelines that have strong safety requirements are compulsory in order to protect both people and the environment [2-5]. 

Note Alarms and shutdowns as shown are not to be considered as meeting any minimum safety requirement but are shown as representative of types used for controi systems. Schematic Alarm/Shutdown Hydrocarbon Low Pressure Hot oil or Glycol Amine Label Description Line Heater Reboiler Steam Heater Salt Heater Reboiler Reboiler ... 

There are also differing standards between the markets in each of these countries. For instance, the telecom market has vastly different safety requirements than the patient-contact medical market. So, it is important to determine the target market early in the product design process. These market differences will also be included in the lEC standards harmonizing efforts. 

The topology is going to be an isolated, multiple output flyback converter that must meet the safety requirements of UT, CSA, and VDE. These considerations affect the design of the final packaging, transformer, and voltage feedback designs. 

This eonverter is going to be able to pass UL, CSA, and VDE safety requirements, whieh will affeet the design approaeh that is taken. It will operate between the frequeneies of 1 MHz at the minimum speeified load and no less than 200 kHz at the maximum speeified load. 

In the UK the Building Regulations impose fire safety requirements on ... 

Personal eye-protection - Optical test methods. Partially superseded BS 2092 1987 Personal eye-protection - Non-optical test methods. Partially superseded BS 2092 1987 AMD 1 Personal protection - Equipment for eye and face protection during welding and allied processes (AMD 9902) dated January 1998. Superseded BS 1542 1982 AMD 3 Gas heated catering equipment. Safety requirements (AMD 10573J dated December 1999. Superseded BS 5314... 

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