International Standards Organisation ISO

Standards may be developed at global level through the International Standards Organisation (ISO) or the equivalent International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) for electrical equipment. These contain representatives from standards bodies... 

Wouters, J. and Verhecken, A., The scale insect dyes species recognition by HPLC and diode-array analysis of the dyestuffs, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 25, 393, 1989. International Standardization Organisation. ISO 3632-1 Specification Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Part 1, Geneva, 1993. 

Standards is a general term covering the documents published by a standards making body, such as the International Standards Organisation (ISO). The word specification is reserved for those standards which specify minimum requirements for materials or products. Other types of standard include Methods of Test, Glossaries of Terms, Guides and Codes of Practice. It follows that a specification may refer to several methods of test and that a commercially written specification can refer to nationally or internationally standardised test methods. 

Before going into the details of the ENPs, this is important to define the use of this term in the context of this article. The International Standard Organisation (ISO/TC 146/SC 2/WG1 N 320) defines these as a particle with a nominal diameter smaller than about 100 nm. The ENP is a widely accepted term to represent those nanoparticles originating from various manufacturing or engineering processes. This is used to make these nanoparticles distinct from those originating from fossil fuel combustion sources such as vehicles or industries [4],... 

International Standards Organisation (ISO) Conditions Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) Conditions Regularly Used Constants Regularly Used Prefixes References... 

Many standards organizations, for example, the British Standards Institution (BSI), the International Standards Organisation (ISO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) issue standards which specify what letters shall be used. See ASTM standard D1600-86 (that is standard number D1600 revised/published in 1986) and called Standard abbreviations of terms related to plastics. There was a British standard published in 1978 - see BS 3502 1978 the corresponding ISO standard is ISO 1043 1978. There is now another ISO standard ISO 1043-1 which was published in 1987 and which is called Basic polymers and their special characteristics . It has the number ISO 1043-1 1987 (E). (The nomenclature of rubbers and lattices are described in ISO 1629). 

Methods for the determination of protective clothing have been standardized for both protective function and clothing comfort for different types of protective clothing by various international, national and industrial organizations including International Standard Organisation (ISO), European Standardisation Organisations (CEN), British Standard (BS) and ASTM/AATCC. 

When available, standard methods of sampling and analysis should be used. The International Standard Organisation (ISO), the Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN) and various national bodies have published several methods for determination of airborne contaminants. Primary sources are the compendia of methods recommended by the regulatory bodies, i.e. the UK, HSE the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The HSE has published Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS) for over 70 specific substances (Health and Safety Executive 1981-95). OSHA and NIOSH have published manuals with more than 500 and 100 sampling and analytical methods respectively (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1994 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1985). Secondary sources are published literature references in, for example. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, the American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, or Analytical Chemistry. 

International Standards Organisation (ISO) develop test standards and performance criteria for comparing properties across a range of products intended for a specific application. Such standards are essential for the acceptance of product performance criteria by building code authorities and need development for WPG. 

ICH Guideline Q9 is the reference document on quality risk management for pharmaceutical preparations [1]. Therefore in this chapter mostly ICH Q9 definitions are used. Many of them are identical to those of the International Standards Organisation (ISO, see also Sect. 35.7.2). 

For pharmaceutical manufacturing it is quite common to refer immediately to GMP guidelines (see Sect. 35.5.7) if considering a PQS. Section 35.3 accounts for the historical background of that approach. There are a few reasons however for this chapter to put the PQS in a broader perspective, such as that of the International Standards Organisation (ISO, see Sect. 35.7.2) ... 

It has proved difficult to determine any correlation between the test result of the various national procedures [53]. Because of this, the experts of TC92 of the International Standards Organisation (ISO) have undertaken the development of a test procedure to characterise independently ignitability, flame spread, rates of heat release, and other fire-related parameters [54-56]. Worldwide efforts continue to correlate laboratory tests to real-life fires [57]. Examples of such programmes are the corner test programme carried out by Factory Mutual and the corrugated metal tool deck [58] trials [59, 60] carried out by TNO. The corner test has been used to determine the fire behaviour of rigid foam materials when exposed to severe wood crib fire. 

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