Applications biomedical

Some of the biomedical application of nanofibers is to cure for wound and burnings in human skin. It can be designed for especially hemostatic tools. Electrospun biodegradable polymers can be spun onto the wound skin. They form a thin web onto the skin. This web protects skin from microbes. Moreover, it helps to heal the wound quickly. Finally, it minimizes the possibility of scars. Electrospun nanofiber equipment used in wound healing is shown in Fig. 2.2. 

Nanofibrous mats are being explored as biomedical grafts and wound dressings. It has been found that cells can adhere to and proliferate into the mats with a great deal of success. Also, because of the extremely small size of the nanofibers, the potential exists for layering of different pol5miers with specific functionalities. 

The formation of a clear zone suggested that the PAN solution containing Ag ions was effective in the inhibition of bacterial growth. The Ag/PAN nanocomposite film, characterized by an X-ray diffraction (XRD], transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet-visible [UV-Vis) absorption spectrophotometer, revealed that crystallized cubic Ag particles with diameters of 5.8 nm were dispersed homogeneously in PAN nanofibers.  

Variation of AgNOs/PAN solution viscosity and surface tension as a function of the molar ratio of AgNOs/PAN. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 54. Copyright 2010, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 

The Ag particle size determined from XRD measurements by the Scheirer equation was in the range of 5.8-5.1 nm (Fig. 2.4). TEM observations showed that Ag particles were dispersed homogeneously on and in PAN nanofibers (Fig. 2.4). A UV-Vis absorption band with a sharp maximum at A = 422 nm, characteristic of bands of Ag nanoparticles, was observed.  

Biomedical applications require a material with good strength, fatigue-resistance, high erosion resistance, chemical inertness, and compatibility with blood and tissues. Isotropic pyrolytic carbon meets these criteria and is used extensively in biomedical devices such as heart valves and dental implants where Its performance is superiorto other forms of carbon such as pyrolytic graphite or vitreous carbon.PSJ 

4 Biomedical Applications. Spin-lattice relaxation times Ti and Tid as well as NMR second moment were employed to study the molecular dynamics of riboflavin (vitamin B-2) in the temperature range 55-350 K. The broad and flat T1 minimum observed at low temperatures is attributed to the motion of two non-equivalent methyl groups. The motion of the methyl groups is interpreted in terms of Haupt s theory, which takes into account the tunneling assisted relaxation. 

C-rotational-echo double-resonance NMR strategy was used to deter- 

C - For powder diffraction data determination the key step is the generation of reliable trial structures for final refinement. The subject of the study reported here is the pharmaceutical material anhydrous theophylline (3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-l//-purine-2,6-dione), which contains both oxygen and nitrogen as possible hydrogen bond acceptor atoms. Solid-state NMR spectra of a commercial sample not only confirmed immediately that there was only one molecule in the crystallographic asymmetric unit but also produced distinctive and chemical shifts. 

The use of carbon materials and carbon fiber reinforced composites for medical applications is examined [28,29]. Carbon fibers are first considered, looking at their physical 

Any material used in a surgical medical application has to be proved safe and the material to be implanted for an extended period of time must be non-toxic, non-carcinogenic and unaltered by the body environment. Where a mechanical movement is involved, the implant must have good fatigue resistance and be unaffected by corrosion due to body fluids and the implanted material must not suffer a rejection process. 

A hernia repair with carbon fiber [34], ligament repairs [35-38] and the introduction of carbon fiber pads in the knee [39 1] have also been reported. One problem with the knee pad is that the carbon fiber does tend to get ground away and not all surgeons favour carbon fiber implants, preferring to use items from a tissue bank. 

Park and Vasilos [42] fabricated carbon fiber reinforced calcium phosphate composites, made by hot pressing to give a ceramic with significantly improved ductility albeit with a slight decrease in ultimate flexural strength. The failure strains of the composites and the monolithic calcium phosphate ceramics were 0.36 and 0.21%, respectively. It was demonstrated that carbon fiber reinforced calcium phosphate composites would be good biomaterials for bone replacement. 

The fact that P(3HB-co-4HB) and P(4HB) are also polymers with potential therapeutic applications has been pointed out in a review [6]. The 4HB units are pharmacologically active compounds, which have been used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome [239,240] and narcolepsy [241]. Other potential applications include the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, atypical psychoses, chronic brain syndrome, neurosis, drug addiction and withdrawal, Parkinson s disease and other neuropharmacological illnesses, hypertension, ischaemia, circulatory collapse, radiation exposure, cancer and myocardial infarction [242]. 

PHA are gaining considerable attention as a source of enantiomerically pure compounds although this possibility was first realised in 1992 [243, 244]. Due to the specificity of the PHA synthase, biosynthesised PHA only contain the (R)-isomers of 3-hydroxyacids. Close to 150 different monomer constituents of PHA have been identified to date and therefore, various enantiomerically pure compounds can theoretically be obtained by depolymerising the polymers. The depolymerisation can be performed either by chemical or biological methods. 

Chemical depolymerisation of P(3HB) to generate methyl esters of (R)-3HB have been performed by acidic alcoholysis using sulfuric acid [244] and hydrochloric acid [245], whereby the latter method proved to be more effective. 

On the other hand, the biological method of depolymerisation uses either the intracellular [246] or extracellular depolymerases [214]. It has also been shown that the intracellular PHA depolymerisation mechanisms can be exploited in vivo to generate (R)- monomers from PHAscl and PHAmcl accumulated by several bacteria such as A. latus, R. eutropha, P. oleovorans and P. aeruginosa [247]. 

PHA latex can be used to cover paper or cardboard to make water-resistant surfaces as opposed to the combination of cardboard with aluminium which is currently used and is nonbiodegradable [248]. 

At the University of Ghent Institute for Nuclear Sciences, neutron activation analysis was used for numerous additional studies in the biomedical field in close co-operation with a number of services at the University Hospital. Most elements were not only studied extracellularly in serum but also intracellularly in packed blood cells (Cornells et al., 1979 Cornells et al., 1981 Versieck et al., 1973 Versieck et al., 1974 Versieck et al., 1977 Versieck and Vanballenberghe, 1985 and Wallaeys et al., 1986). The urinary excretion of trace elements was also studied in a few subjects (Cornells et al., 1975) determinations in liver tissue were done by Lievens and associates (Uevens et al., 1977), in lung tissue by Vanoeteren and colleagues (Vanoeteren et al., 1982 Vanoeteren et al., 1983 and Va-noeteren et al.. 1986). Patients with internal diseases were also intensively studied, e.g., 

Neutron activation analysis has also been employed sporadically for the determination of trace elements in protein fractions, collagen, nucleic acids as well as in biochemicals containing activatable elements (e.g., cobalt in vitamin B12 or selenium in selenoaminoacids). 

In clinical practice, most trace element determinations are not done by neutron activation analysis but by other techniques, in the first place atomic absorption spectrometry -a technique having a good sensitivity for numerous elements and better suited for routine application. Nevertheless, neutron activation analysis played an important role as illustrated by the observation that somewhat more than 50% of the selected reference values advanced by Versieck in his 1985 CRC Critical Review were obtained by this technique. 

One final important application may be added the role of neutron activation analysis in the certification of biological reference materials. The experience with Bowen s kale powder was reviewed by the investigator in 1975 (Bowen, 1975), the contribution to the NBS Standard Reference Materials (SRM s) program was commented recently by Greenberg (1987). In the case of the second-generation biological reference material issued by Versieck and coileagues (Versieck et al., 1988), approximately 45% of the results used for certification were obtained by neutron activation analysis. 

Antibacterial materials have been employed in numerous applications, ranging from biomedical products to packing materials to air-filter systems. The first approach has focused on reducing the capacity of bacteria to attach onto a surface. Some methods to achieve this adhesion resistance rely on the modification of substrates by poly(ethylene glycol) [OST 01] or the use of diamond-like carbon films [ZHA 07], Recently, superhydrophobic surfaces [PAR 05] created via a combination of chemical modifications, such as 

A wide variety of compounds containing the basic 1-pyrindine skeleton have found applications in the biomedical field.50-52, 102 Compounds 52 and 53 described above, possess valuable biological activities similar to mepyrapone which has been found to act as a specific 1 l-j8-hydroxylase inhibitor in the biosynthesis of corticoid hormones in man as well as in animals.51 Antishock activity has been found in a series of octahydro- and decahydrobenzo[a]cyclopenta[/]quinolizenes (12) and (13).151tt The cardiovascular and potent antishock properties of 2,3,3a,5,6,ll,12,12a-octahydro-8-hydroxy-l/7-benzo[a]cyclopenta[/]-quinolizinium bromide (12a),151b as well as its positive inotropic effect on the cat papillary muscle preparation,1510 have been reported. Methods of synthesis for a series of these compounds and tests of their relative antishock activity have been described.151 Although some compounds were active, comparison of these results pointed up the lack of structure-activity relationships in the seven compounds tested. 

1510 R. L. Detar, G. C. Boxhill, and M. M. Winbury, Amer. Soc. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. Pharmacol. Meeting, San Francisco, Calif., 1963. Paper 034. 

Quinolizines similar to 13a and 13b have been screened in the treatment of circulatory collapse, endocrine disorders, and cardiovascular ailments.152-154 Many of these compounds, which are prepared by condensation of substituted phenethylamines with a suitable oxo or oxo 

Some 1-pyrindine derivatives have been found to show analgesic and anesthetic activity.157-159 1-Pyrindine derivatives have been screened for their effect as antimetabolites on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica,160 and other pyrindine derivatives have been studied as possible tuberculostatic102,108,161 and antimalarial agents.182 

Recently, the absolute structure of the optically active antiviral antibiotic from Streptomyces abikoensis, abikoviromycin (215), was 

Bacterial polymers obtained by any form (e.g. extraction, biosynthesis methods, tailor-made synthesis) are used for various industrial, agricultural, and biomedical applications [120]. The details of the applications are listed in Table 11.1. 

An improvement of medical devices based on bacterial polymers by the encapsulation of different drugs, opens up the wide prospects in applications for these new devices with pharmacological activity in medicine. PHB polymer was used as a drug delivery matrix for sustaining the release of various drugs such as dipyridamole [DP], indomethacin and antibiotics (rifampicin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), anti-inflammatory drugs (flurbiprofen, dexamethasone, prednisolone), and antitumor drugs (paclitaxel) [132]. 

PHB microcapsules with encapsulated model drug - methylene green have already been reported. The prospects for development and investigation of systems with biological activity based on microcapsules from polyhydroxyal-kanoates look bright. 

PLA and its copolymers have several end-use applications. The major applications include short shelf-life products such as plastic bags for carrying household waste, overwrap and lamination films, barriers for sanitary products and diapers, planting, disposable cups and plates, and so on [120]. Hydrolytic degradability of PLA has generated a lot of interest for biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems [134-142], protein encapsulation and delivery [143-145], development of microspheres [146-154], hydrogels [155], bone screws [156], sutures [157-161], scaffolds [162], and so on. However, the unreinforced PLA has certain limitations and that is why a lot of researches have been dedicated to 

The results described in this article form the tip of the iceberg of what could be done with the complex l,l -bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene. It is not an ordinary diphosphine ligand, as exemplified by many of the descriptions given. The recent evolution of dppf chemistry underscores the significance of other less developed ferrocenyl diphosphines. The full potential of these diphosphines will only be realized as more of their complexes are synthesized and their applications examined. The current flux of works on dppf should be extended to its close relatives, such as l,T-bis(dialkylarsino)ferrocenes and l,T-bis(dialkylphosphino)ruthenocenes. The latter in particular should have some special characteristics in view of the wider Cp. .. Cp separation and different chelation bite. An examination of the recent literature on dppf chemistry springs a few surprises (a) an Fe - M coordination bond is possible (b) dppf can bridge some short metal-metal distances (c) dppf displays a variety of coordination modes under very similar circumstances and, 

The preparation of this manuscript was funded by the Lee Foundation and the Shaw Foundation of Singapore. The authors research work was generously supported by the National University of Singapore (RP 850030). Contributions from our collaborators and the many able students in our laboratory, whose names appear in the cited references, have been invaluable. Our grateful thanks to the many experts in various disciplines on their work. The materials (reprints, personal communications, etc.) provided by them have been most useful we are also grateful for their encouragement. Extra crystallographic data from Professors M. I. Bruce, 

Clemente, F. Demartin, D. S. Eggleston, S. Onaka, G. Pilloni and E. R. T. Tie-kink were particularly helpful. We thank Prof. G. Pilloni for a preprint of his paper. We are honored by the invitation from the editors to make this contribution. 

Lee helped us to remove many chemical and linguistic ambiquities. Prof. 

Hayashi provided some invaluable comments on our draft. S. P. Neo and M. Zhou assisted in the calculations of some structural data. Efforts from B. H. Aw, H. K. Lee and P. M. N. Low in the proof-reading are gratefully acknowledged. This manuscript could not have been completed without the selfless and tireless effort of Y. P. Leong on the figures, data compilation and stenographic work. 

Dyes have a long history of use in medicine both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Thus, crystal violet (76) is used for staining bacteria (Gram test), and the azo dye Prontosil rubrum (77) was the first drug that produced the active agent sulfanilamide (78) on reduction in the body [67], 

More recently, azo dyes (79) bearing crown ether functionalities have been made to selectively detect metal cations such as lithium [68] and calcium [69], 

I thank Mei Whittaker for discussions and for valuable assistance in preparation of the manuscript. Support from National Institutes of Health Grant GM 46749 is also gratefully acknowledged. 

and Cooley, L. (2000). Trends Cell Biol. 10, 17-24. 

Engstrom, M., Himo, E, and Agren, H. (2000). Chem. Phys. Lett. 319, 191-196. 

Kimura, E., Nakamura, 1., Koike, T, Shionaya, M., Kodama, Y, Ikeda, T, and Shiro, M. 

and Whitesides, G. M. (1994). Enzymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Pergamon, New York. 

The main purpose of this article is to survey the asymmetric reactions catalyzed by chiral ferrocenylphosphine-metal complexes, focusing attention on the design of the chiral ligand. 

2 Asymmetric Catalysis with Chiral Ferrocenylphosphine Ligands 

A chiral bisphosphine that is analogous to BINAP but that contains a biferrocenyl backbone has been obtained by optical resolution of the corresponding phosphine oxide [22]. 

3 Structure of Chiral Ferrocenylphosphines and their Transition-Metal Complexes 

FIGURE 1.14 The electronic nose, (a) Response of conducting polymer sensor to different concentrations of toluene (Tol) and ethanol (EtOH). (b) Photograph of portable electronic nose with an array of conducting polymer sensors (bottom left). 

FIGURE 1.15 Similarities between natural and artificial noses. 

In another work, electrically conductive PANI doped with camphorsulfonic acid (CPSA) was also blended with poly(L-lactide-co-s-caprolactone) (PLCL) and then elec-trospun to prepare uniform nanofibers [84]. The CPSA-PANl/PLCL nanofibers show a 

Futhermore, nanofiber scaffold electrodes based on PEDOT for cell stimulation were recently reported by Bolin et al. [87]. Electronically conductive and electrochemically active three-dimensional scaffolds based on electrospun poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanofibers were prepared. Vapor-phase polymerization was employed to achieve a uniform and conformal coating of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with tosylate (PEDOT tosylate) on the nanofibers. The PEDOT coatings had a large impact on the 

A method for preparing conducting polymer nanotubes that can be used for precisely controlled dmg release was reported by Abidian et al. [80]. The fabrication process 

Complex Polymeric Architectures via Azide/Alkyne Click Chemistry 

These include use of chitosan in tissue engineering, in the preparation of sutures, artificial skin and soft/hard contact lens, owing to its excellent film-forming ability [170], 

FIGURE 16.4 One proposal for the origin of destabilization of CO binding in hemoglobin. (Reproduced from Ref. 37 with permission.) 

1% of the Hb in the blood is normally deactivated by irreversible binding of CO. This deactivation would be much more severe if it were not for the presence of the distal His in the vicinity of the CO binding site. The distal His is proposed to sterically disfavor binding of CO, which prefers linear binding, but not to interfere with O2 binding in the bent superoxide form. When the CO binds, it is believed that it is forced to bend to some extent (Fig. 16.4) and this bending destabilizes the M-CO bond. This conclusion is controversial, however.  

Nickel enzymes carry out the biological equivalent of the water-gas shift and the Monsanto acetic acid process. 

Paul Ehrlich (1854-19IS) is celebrated for his 1906 prediction that therapeutic compounds would be created in the chemist s retort. As a physician strongly interested in chemistry, he had already been awarded the Nobel Prize (1908) for his work as the founder of chemotherapy, when he made his most important discovery—the application of the polymeric organoarsenical, Salvarsan, as the first antisyphilitic agent. This finding caused an international sensation and led 

The water-soluble carbonyl 16.29 has been used as a stable label for biomolecules where it is found to bind to histidine-repeat (His-His-His-) regions. An antibody has been labeled with the Tc complex so that the y-ray image obtained as a result of the y-emission of this Tc isotope shows the location of a tumor to which the antibody selectively binds. Technetium imaging with various coordination complexes has become a standard procedure in medicine.  

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imagings Second Edition. Edited by Reiner Salzer, Heinz W. Siesler. 

The potential of hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug carrier has been actively researched in vitro. For example, hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres with uniform sizes of 31-33 nm, prepared using PS-PVP-PEO triblock copolymer micelles, exhibited a higher storage capacity of a model drug (ibupro-fen) than the conventional mesoporous silica particles [111]. A more sustained release was achieved by propylamine functionalization, which is effective for controlled release of drug molecules. 

This chapter reviewed recent advances in the preparation of hollow oxide nanoparticles by liquid-phase deposition methods. Hollow particles with various compositions, controlled shell structures, and controlled shapes and sizes have successfully been obtained by employing either template or template-free method, and many interesting properties arising from their unique structural features have been reported. Large-scale and low-cost production by environment-friendly processes promises practical applications in many fields. 

(2007) Recent developments in the chemical synthesis of inorganic porous capsules. /. Mater. Chem., 19, 6073-6084. 

4 Zeng, H.C. (2007) Ostwald ripening a synthetic approach for hollow nanomaterials. Curr. NanoscL, 3, 177-181. 

5 Bernecker, A., Wieneke, R., Riedel, R., Seibt, M., Geyer, A., and Steinem, C. (2010) Tailored synthetic polyamines for controlled biomimetic silica formation. /. Am. Chem. Soc., 132,1023-1031. 

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Suelter, C.H. and Watson, J.T., Biomedical Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1990. 

Biomedical Applications. In the area of biomedical polymers and materials, two types of appHcations have been envisioned and explored. The first is the use of polyphosphazenes as bioinert materials for implantation in the body either as housing for medical devices or as stmctural materials for heart valves, artificial blood vessels, and catheters. A number of fluoroalkoxy-, aryloxy-, and arylamino-substituted polyphosphazenes have been tested by actual implantation ia rats and found to generate Httle tissue response (18). 

Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. On account of its low toxicity and unique properties, poly(ethylene oxide) is utilized in a variety of pharmaceutical and biomedical appHcations. 

Biomedical Applications. TRIS AMINO is used for a number of purposes in its pure form, it is an acidimetric standard the USP grade can be utilized intraveneously for therapeutic control of blood acidosis TRIS AMINO also is useful in genetic engineering as a buffering agent for enzyme systems, industrial protein purification, and electrophoresis. AMP has found use as a reagent in enzyme-linked immunoassays. The primary appHcation is for alkaline phosphatase assays. 

Kushchevska N.F. Physico-chemical conditions of synthesis of nanocomposite feiTomagnetic powders for biomedical applications. Autoref. diss. Dr. Technical Sciences / K. Scientific world, 2003. - 39 p. 

A.M. Krstulovic and P.R. Brown, Reversed Phase HPLC. Theory, Practical and Biomedical Applications, J. Wiley Sons, New York, 1982. ISBN 0471053694. 

In numerous applications of polymeric materials multilayers of films are used. This practice is found in microelectronic, aeronautical, and biomedical applications to name a few. Developing good adhesion between these layers requires interdiffusion of the molecules at the interfaces between the layers over size scales comparable to the molecular diameter (tens of nm). In addition, these interfaces are buried within the specimen. Aside from this practical aspect, interdififlision over short distances holds the key for critically evaluating current theories of polymer difllision. Theories of polymer interdiffusion predict specific shapes for the concentration profile of segments across the interface as a function of time. Interdiffiision studies on bilayered specimen comprised of a layer of polystyrene (PS) on a layer of perdeuterated (PS) d-PS, can be used as a model system that will capture the fundamental physics of the problem. Initially, the bilayer will have a sharp interface, which upon annealing will broaden with time. 

Microporous and microfibrous surfaces on metals are increasingly used in biomedical applications. A recent review by Wen et al. [60] identified advantages over metals with smooth surfaces which included early better adhesion of biomolecules and cells and firmer fixation of bone or connective tissue. 

Fowler, J S, Wolf, A P The Synthesis of Carbon-II, Fluorine 18 and Nitrogen 13 Labeled Radiotracers for Biomedical Applications, Mono graph NAS-NS-3601, Technical Information Center, U S Department of Energy... 

Figure 12.30 Potential uses of polyphosphazenes (a) A thin film of a poly(aminophosphazene) sueh materials are of interest for biomedical applications, (b) Fibres of poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] these fibres are water-repellant, resistant to hydrolysis or strong sunlight, and do not burn, (c) Cotton cloth treated with a poly(fluoroalkoxyphosphazene) showing the water repellaney eonferred by the phosphazene. (d) Polyphosphazene elastomers are now being manufaetured for use in fuel lines, gaskets, O-rings, shock absorbers, and carburettor eomponents they are impervious to oils and fuels, do not bum, and remain flexible at very low temperatures. Photographs by eourtesy of H. R. Allcock (Pennsylvania State University) and the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company.

Radiation grafting for various biomedical applications remains an extremely active field of development. The grafted side chains can contain functional groups to which bioactive materials can be attached. These include amine, carboxylic, and hydroxyl groups, which can be considered as a center for further modifications. 

Kenakin, T. P. (2000). The pharmacologic consequences of modeling synoptic receptor systems. In Biomedical applications of computer modeling, edited by A. Christopoulos, pp. 1—20. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 

Dass, C. Chapter 1. In D. M. Desiderio, Ed. Mass Spectrometry Clinical and Biomedical Application (Vol. 2). New York Plenum Press, 1994. 

Ratner BD (1989) Biomedical applications of synthetic polymers. In Allen J, Bevington JC (eds) Comprehensive polymer science, Pergamon, Oxford, p 201... 

Biomedical applications, 27 Bionolle, 28, 42, 43 Biopol polyesters, 28, 41 Bioresorbable polyesters, 27 synthesis of, 99-101 Biphenol-based copolymers, 356 Bis(aryloxy) monomers, polymerization of, 347... 

Biomedical Applications Due to their excellent blood compatibility (low interaction with plasma proteins) and high oxygen and moisture permeabilities, siloxane containing copolymers and networks have been extensively evaluated and used in the construction of blood contacting devices and contact lenses 376). Depending on the actual use, the desired mechanical properties of these materials are usually achieved by careful design and selection of the organic component in the copolymers. 

Polysiloxane based block copolymers have also been examined with respect to their transport properties, because these copolymers are of special interest as membranes in various biomedical applications 376). The combination of good mechanical, dielectric, permeation and film formation properties of siloxane-carbonate segmented copolymers have led to their use as blood oxygenation, dialysis and microelectrode membranes 392 394. ... 

An idea of the range of materials and applications for polymers in medicine can be gained from the information in Table 10.1. As can be seen from this table a number of polymers are used in medical applications. One particular such polymer is poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA. Early on it was used as the material for fabricating dentures later other biomedical applications developed. For example, PMMA is now used as the cement in the majority of hip replacement operations worldwide. 

Among other uses, these polymers have been employed in a variety of biomedical applications. Poly(phosphazenes) containing organic side chains, derived from the anaesthetics procaine and benzocaine, have been used to prolong the anaesthetic effect of their precursor drugs. They have also been used as the bioerodable matrix for the controlled delivery of drugs. 

Water soluble starch capped nanoparticles proved to be efficient non-cytotoxic bactericidal agents at nanomolar concentrations. The investigation also suggested that starch capped CuNPs have great potential for use in biomedical applications such as cellular imaging or photothermal therapy. 

Puskas, J.E. and Chen, Y. Biomedical application of commercial polymers and novel polyisobutylene-based thermoplastic elastomers for soft tissue replacement. Biomacromolecules, 5, 1141, 2004 GAK-GV, 7, 455 8, 526, 2004 (German). 

El Fray, M., Puskas, J.E., Tomkins, M., and Altstadt, V. Evaluation of the Eatigue Properties of a Novel Polyisobutylene-Polystyrene Thermoplastic Elastomer in Comparison with other Rubbery Biomaterials. Paper 76, ACS Rubber Division, 166th Technical Meeting, October 5-8, Columbus, OH, 2004. Puskas, J.E. and Chen, Y. Novel Thermoplastic Elastomers for Biomedical Applications. Paper 40, ACS Rubber Division, 163nd Technical Meeting, April 28-30, San Erancisco, CA, 2003. 

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