Uses of material

The intended audience ranges from synthetic organic and organometallic chemists, to electronic device design architects who are searching for specific materials properties of a given composition. It is intended that the work be a handbook of particular use to those directly involved in the growth of films. 

The coverage of this work expands beyond those of other VCH publications on The Chemistry of Metal CVD [2] and CVD of Compound Semiconductors [1], and, as an umbrella work, give a feel for the broad and diverse area of chemical vapor deposition of materials, its ramifications into a variety of important technological arenas, and the how to of specific processes. 

The index has been exhaustively compiled by three different groups. The original inclusion by each individual chapter author has been further checked by both the editor and the VCH publications office. Therefore, we encourage the reader to take great advantage of the index in finding specific areas within the work. 

The overall construct of the volume has been to group individual materials by their ultimate use. As such, some compositions may be found in more than one section  

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National Eire Protection Association 470 Adantic Avenue Boston, Mass. 02210 National Fire Codes, 1987 ed., issued in 11 volumes. One volume is devoted exclusively to ha2ardous chemicals, but most other volumes have some coverage of material ha2ards, use of materials in fine prevention or extinguishing, ha2ards in chemical processing, etc. More than 200 standards are described. 

Nonblack fillers such as the precipitated siHcas can reduce both rate and state of cure. The mechanism appears to be one of a competitive reaction between mbber and filler for the zinc oxide activator. Use of materials such as diethylene glycol or triethanolamine prevents this competition thereby maintaining the desired cure characteristics. Neutral fillers such as calcium carbonate (whiting) and clays have Httie or no effect on the cure properties. 

It prohibits the use of materials, components, or assembly methods in certain conditions. 

Typical operating data for cocurrent rotary dryers are given in Table 12-18. (Note that the driving force AT must be based on wet-bulb depression and not on material temperatures. Use of material temperatures, particrrlariy when the dry solids are superheated after drying, will yield conservative results.)... 

Use of materials sensitive to shock, high temperature or high pressure. If the material is inadvertently exposed to an unsuitable condition, or if the process moves out of the safe operating limits, it could result in a loss of containment. 

Anodic protection allows the use of materials under unfavorable conditions if they are also passivatable in sulfuric acid. CrNi steels [material Nos. 1.4541 (AISI 321) and 1.4571 (AISI 316 Ti)] can be used in handling sulfuric acid of 93 to 99% at temperatures up to 160°C. This enables a temperature of 120 to 160°C to be reached, which is very suitable for heat recovery. 

Regulations and specifications. There may be international (e.g. EU), national or local regulations concerning the use of materials. These may be with respect to factors such as flammability, contact with foodstuffs, environmental considerations and medical criteria. 

Pollution Prevention the use of materials, processes, or practices that reduces or eliminates the creation of pollutants or wastes at the source. It includes practices that reduce the use of hazardous materials, energy, water, or other resources and practices that protect natural resources through conservation or efficient use. 

Adequate personal protective equipment available for handling and use of material specified Antidotes/emergency facilities available ... 

The most important method for controlling corrosion-erosion is the use of materials that are resistant to this form of attack, and further information can be obtained by consulting the sections that are devoted to metals and alloys see particularly Section 4.2). 

Use of material with good pitting corrosion resistance is desirable in seawater and oilfleld brine (formation water) media. 

Basically, anything that can be done to reduce the temperature of the product by removal of heat generated by the cyclical stress will improve the possibilities of surviving the cyclical stress. If the heat transfer capability is limited, then the only alternative is to use stiff materials and low stress levels on the product compared with the strength capability of the material. The heavier products that result will be relatively inefficient in the use of material. In some cases when the load applied is an inertial load (such as an impeller on a pump) it may be that only a trade-off of weight for low stress level can cause failure. 

There are different techniques that have been used for over a century to increase the modulus of elasticity of plastics. Orientation or the use of fillers and/or reinforcements such as RPs can modify the plastic. There is also the popular and extensively used approach of using geometrical design shapes that makes the best use of materials to improve stiffness even though it has a low modulus. Structural shapes that are applicable to all materials include shells, sandwich structures, and folded plate structures (Fig. 3-8). These widely used shapes employed include other shapes such as dimple sheet surfaces. They improve the flexural stiffness in one or more directions. 

The lattice-type shelf is functionally as good as the others, but it may not look appropriate for a book shelf in the context of a library. A second consideration is a combination of physical requirements and appearance. A simple plastic beam that will function adequately in terms of strength and stiffness may be rather thin. A shelf of this type can look flimsy even if it is functional. This impression is useful to the designer since the solid plate is probably an uneconomical use of material. A requirement was added that the design should look like a wood shelf since this is the context in which it is to be used. To produce the desired thickness appearance either a lipped pan with internal reinforcement can be used or, alternatively, a sandwich-type structure with two skins and a separator core. In either case the displacement of the material from the plane of bending will improve the stiffness efficiency of the product. The appropriate procedure is to... 

Co-design—(http //www.montell. com / montell/products/p-codesign.html) active involvement in product design to optimise the use of material and manufacturing resources. 

RECYCLING The use of materials, usually after further processing, which otherwise would be thrown away. Becoming common practice in industry, especially with expensive commodities such as chemical solvents although many products require a commercial subsidy in order to make recycling viable. 

Reduce the hazard of the materials used - avoid the use of materials that are persistent, bio-accumulative, or are named on any list of high-risk materials published by a safety regulator. 

Avoid the use of materials listed as risky by any national regulator. 

Avoiding the use of materials produced with significant damage to ecosystems. 

Resource efficient syntheses and production processes of fine chemicals contribute significantly to sustainable development. This has also been pointed out in Agenda 21 Promote efficient use of materials and resources, taking into account the life cycles of products, in order to realize the economic and environmental benefits of using resources more efficiently and producing fewer wastes (Agenda 21, Chapter 9.18). 

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