Syndromes, brain

LRP2/ megalin Loss-of-function (familial, autosomal recessive) Donnai-Barrow syndrome (brain malformation, renal tubular deficiency, diaphragmatic hernia)... 

Ceballos-Picot, I., Nicole, A., Briand, P., Grimber, G., Delacourte, A., Defossez, A., Javoy-Agid, F., Lafon, M., Blouin, J.L. and Sinet, P.M. (1991). Neuronal-specific expression of human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase gene in transgenic mice animal model of gene dosage effects in Down s syndrome. Brain Res, 552, 198-214. 

Wanschitz, J., Maier, H., Lassmann, H., Budka, H. and Berger, T. Distinct time pattern of complement activation and cytotoxic T cell response in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Brain 126 2034-2042, 2003. 

Jacobs, B. L., and KJemfuss, H. (1975) Brain stem and spinal cord mediation of serotonergic behavioral syndrome. Brain Res., 100 450-457. 

Hildebrand BE, Nomikos GG, Hertel P, SchEstrom B, Svensson TH. 1998. Reduced dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens but not in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats displaying a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Brain Res 779(1—2) 214-225. 

Heimer L, Zahm DS, ChurchUl L, Kalivas PW, Wohltman C (1991) Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and medial shell in the rat. Neuroscience 41 89-125 Hemby SE, No C, Koves TR, Smith JE, Dworkin SI (1997) Differences in extracellular dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens during response-dependent and response-independent cocaine administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology 133 7-16 Hildebrand BE, Nomikos GG, Hertel P, Sclrilstrom B, Svensson TH (1998) Reduced dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens but not the prefrontal cortex in rats displaying mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Brain Res 779 214-225 Ikemoto S (2003) Involvement of the olfactory tubercle in cocaine reward intracranial selfadministration studies. J Neurosd 23 9305-9311... 

Special risk Use cautiously in infants, small children, and people with Down syndrome, brain damage, or spastic paralysis. 

Furusho J, Matsuzaki K, Ichihashi I, Satoh H, Yamaguchi K, Kumagai K (2001) Alleviation of sleep disturbance and repetitive behavior by a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor in a boy with Asperger s syndrome. Brain Dev 23 135-137... 

Yates CM, Simpson J, Gordon A, Maloney AF, Allison Y, Ritchie IM, Urquhart A (1983) Catecholamines and cholinergic enzymes in pre-senile and senile Alzheimer-type dementia and Down s syndrome. Brain Res. 280 119-126. 

Mason WP, Graus F, Lang B, Honnorat J, Delattre JY, Valldeoriola F, et al. Small-cell lung cancer, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Brain 1997 120(Pt. 8) 1279-1300. 

Younes-Mhenni S, Janier MF, Cinotti L, Antoine JC, Tronc F, Cottin V, et al. FDG-PET improves tumour detection in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Brain 2004 127(Pt. 10) 2331-2338. 

In that article I covered a number of salient theories—steppingstone to heroin, amotivational syndrome, brain damage, chromosome damage (i.e., birth defects), immune responses, psychosis, incitement to crime, general health hazard and sex impairment. None of this research proved that use of marijuana caused problems. 

Dunnett SB, Sirinathsinghji DJS, Heavens RP, Rogers DC, Kuehn MR (1989) Monoamine deficiency in a transgenic (hprt-) mouse model of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Brain Res 507 401-406. 

Protein expression in Down syndrome brain. Amino Acids 21, 331-361. 

Molecular changes in fetal Down syndrome brain. J. Neurochem. 84, 895-904. 

Another mechanism proposed for the therapeutic effect of nicotine in Down syndrome is that the high levels of f) amyloid present in the Down syndrome brain are inhibiting the function of al nAChRs essentially as described above in Alzheimer s disease (Deutsch et al., 2003). However, a recent report found no correlation between f) amyloid levels and dementia in older Down syndrome subjects (Jones et al., 2009). Therefore, despite the therapeutic effect of nicotine in Down syndrome, the specific role of nAChRs remains elusive. 

Fiedler JL, Epstein CJ, Rapoport SI, Caviedes R, Caviedes P (1994) Regional alteration of cholinergic function in central neurons of trisomy 16 mouse fetuses, an animal model of human trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Brain Res 658 27-32 Flores CM, Rogers SW, Pabreza LA, Wolfe BB, Kellar KJ (1992) A subtype of nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is composed of alpha 4 and beta 2 subunits and is up-regulated by chronic nicotine treatment. Mol Pharmacol 41 31-37 Freedman R, Hall M, Adler LE, Leonard S (1995) Evidence in postmortem brain tissue for decreased numbers of hippocampal nicotinic receptors in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 38 22-33... 

Use with caution in patients with respiratory disease, Lewy Body dementia, narrow angle-closure glaucoma (including family history), alcohol withdrawal syndrome, brain damage, epilepsy, hypothyroidism, myaesthenia gravis, prostatic hypertrophy, thyrotoxicosis... 

Schmahmann ID, Sherman JC. The cerebellar cognitive affective 41. syndrome. Brain 1998 121 561-579. 

Honavar M, Tharakan JKJ, Hughes RAC, Leibowitz S, Winer JB (1991) A clinicopathological study of the Guillain-Bane syndrome. Brain 114 1245—1269. 

Mori M, Kuwabara S, Miyake M, Noda M, Kuroki H, Kamio H, Ogawara K, Hattori T (2000) Haemophilus influenzae infection and Guillain-BaiTe syndrome. Brain 2000 Oct 123 (Pt 10) 2171-8 123 2171-2178. 

Weitzdoerfer R, Fountoulakis M, Lubec G. Reduction of actin-related protein complex 2/3 in fetal Down syndrome brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002 293(2) 836-841. 

M. Hausser-Hauw, D. Rakotonanahary, and B. Fleury, Obstructive-Sleep Apnea Syndrome Brain Oxygenation Measured with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Neurophysiologic Clinique, 30(2), 113-118 (2000). 

Andermann ED, Keene L, Andermann E, Quesney LF 1980 Startle disease or hyperekplexia further delineat ion of the syndrome. Brain 103 985—997... 

Whittle, N., Sartori, S. B., Dierssen, M., Lubec, G., Singewald, N. (2007). Fetal Down syndrome brains exhibit aberrant levels of neurotransmitters critical for normal brain development. Pediatrics. 120 61465—1471. 

Ha, J.H. and BasUe, A.S. 1996. Modulation of hgand binding to components of the GABAA receptor complex by ammonia implications for the pathogenesis of hypeiammonemic syndromes. Brain Res. 720 35-44. 

Murphy, EJ, Schapiro, MB, Rapoport, SI and Shetty, HU (2000) Phospholipid composition and levels are altered in Down syndrome brain. Brain Res, 867, 9-18. 

Ito S, Shioda M, Sasaki K, Imai K, Oguni H, Osawa M. Agranulocytosis following phenytoin-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Brain Dev 2009 31(6) 449-51. 

Ghiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, Machinami R, Kanazawa 1. GangUoside composition of the human cranial nerves, with special reference to pathophysiology of Miller Fisher syndrome. Brain Res. 1997 745(l-2) 32-36. Fantini J, Yahi N. Molecular basis for the glycosphingoUpid-binding specificity of alpha-synuclein key role of tyrosine 39 in membrane insertion. ] Mol Biol. 2011 408(4) 654-669. 

Intraneuronal Abeta42 accumulation in Down syndrome brain. Amyloid 9 88-102... 

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