Biomedical research and applications

This short summary demonstrates that each company has selected a niche application to focus on for their success. The wound dressings have been in the market for some time, while the thermogel applications are apparently still in the regulatory approval process. This is more an indication of the divide in meeting regulatory requirements between external medical products and internal implants rather than product shortcomings. Clearly, this overview indicates that chitin and chitosan-based medical products can be termed commercially successful and this augments well for the future of chitin and chitosan in biomedical research and applications that reach commercialization. 

Wolf AP, Fowler JS. Positron emission tomography. Biomedical research and clinical application. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1995 5 87-101. 

Some applications in biomedical research and clinical medicine. Chapter 7 of Ion-Selective Electrodes (ed. R. A. Durst), NBS Special Publication No. 317, Washington (1969). 

NMR spectroscopy, commonly called magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in its in vivo application, is continuing to expand its reach in both biomedical research and clinical medicine. Currently, most in vivo MRS utilizes as a straightforward addition to MRI on a clinical scanner. The high sensitivity of permifs relatively small tissue volumes, on the order of 1-8 ml, to be probed in vivo in humans. With water suppression,... 

Leegsma-Vogt G, Janie E, Ash SR, Venema K, Korf J. Utilization of in vivo ultrafiltration in biomedical research and clinical applications. Life Science 2003, 73, 2005-2018. 

Chapman, A. R. et al. Stem cell research and applications Monitoring the frontiers of biomedical research. The AAAS/ISC report on stem cell research. Available online at www.counterbalance.net/stemcell/index-frame.html. 

These enzymes are extraordinarily abundant over 1200 restriction endonucleases had been isolated and characterized by early 1990. Of three classes defined, type II restriction enzymes, which generally cut within their recognition sequences, have found uses in a host of biomedical research and diagnostic applications to be discussed below. Type 1 enzymes cut nonspecifically many nucleotides distal to specific recognition sequences and contain both restriction enzyme and DNA modification (see below) activities on different subunits of multienzyme complexes. Type III restriction enzymes share the multienzyme aspeas of type I enzymes but vary in other properties such as ATPase activity and cofactor requirements. 

Restriction enzymes have become a key reagent for many biomedical research applications and their place in the future of biomedical research and clinical... 

Ricin and abrin have played important roles in the history of clinical medicine and biomedical research. Ricin is commonly used as a part of immunotoxins for elinieal tumor research and application, although the detailed meehanism of its funetion is still under investigation (Stirpe and Battelli, 2006 Rao et al, 2005). At present, a major effort in biomedical research is under way to target the toxins and pursue malignant eells. Novel in vitro approaehes of using ricin toxins in cancer therapy have proven sueeessful however, further in vitro and animal studies are needed to confirm its potential (Wang et al, 2007). 

The biological and biomedical properties of benzo[a]phenothiazine derivatives were widely investigated in the last two decades. However, the precise interpretation of the biomedical properties and applications of these large molecules remains the matter of future research. 

Table A1 lists the properties of purified plant lectins, Table A2 summarizes representative applications of lectins to biomedical research, and Table A3 provides a classification of the species listed in Table Al.

So here is an attempt at a definition. Clinical decision intelligence is the application of IT to help gather, understand, and act on all available data in clinical practice, healthcare management and administration, and medical research, and where appropriate the automatic utilization of data to control certain clinical and research processes. Its aims are to encourage best practices to improve the quality of patient care by enhancing speed and efficiency to reduce safety risks and needless costs in clinical treatment, diagnosis, management, and administration to monitor and log interactions for accountability, culpability, liability and repudiation and to facilitate biomedical research and pharmaceutical development where based on inclusion of clinical and related data. 

Plasma emission spectrometers have shown a rapid growth. This holds also for NMR spectrometer sales because of new applications in biomedical research and more sophisticated experimental methods using increased computing power. Similarly, Raman spectroscopy, traditionally used in academic research, is gaining acceptance in industrial R D and quality control applications. Materials research and surface analysis in a variety of industries keeps the sales of electron microscopic, electron spectroscopic, ion spectroscopic, and X-ray instruments growing. Details of the various techniques on surface and interface characterization which are also important in R D of chemical sensors themselves, can be found in Chapter 3, Section 3.4.2. 

New discoveries and principles of environmental microbiology can have vast potential in other areas of science such as biotechnology, pharmaceutics, biomedical research and engineering, the chemical and textile industries, bioremediation and waste-water treatment, pathogen control, mineral recovery, sustainable agriculture, and resource conservation. However, the majority of research in the applications for bioremediation, water quality, and the biotreatment of waste material and wastewater. 

In particular, magnetic silica nanoparticles are of great interest for research and applications in a variety of fields because they are stable and biocompatible. With the use of an external magnet they can be isolated, treated and repeatedly utilized. In biomedical and environmental applications they have been studied and used for bio-separation, enzyme immobilization, protein purification, as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, and to remove toxins or pollutants different samples. 

The problem of what type of electrodes to use is one that is critical in biomedical research and experimentation. Electrodes have a dual purpose. They may be used to apply a stimulating signal (excitation) to a physiological system or they may be used to detect the presence of an electric potential in such a system. Electrodes fall into two broad categories metallic electrodes and fluid-bridge electrodes. The choice of type depends upon the specific application. Initially we direct our attention to metallic electrodes. The present discussion applies to gross electrodes microelectrodes will be considered separately. 

Nanopartides might be the earliest nanomaterials [6,7]. Their research and applications started at least two decade ago. They can be made of almost all known materials whereas the biomedical applications have been mainly highlighted for organic and several types of inorganic nanopartides. 

The application of optical methods in basic biomedical research and clinical therapeutics is emerging as one of the new technological paradigms. The eonvergence... 

In all the application examples presented here we did not discuss any methods and techniques for the measurements of light scattering parameters from cells, organelles and sub-cellular structures in general. This would be very useful in terms of defining the overall biomedical research and clinical context in which FDTD simulations could play a role, however, it was not part of our objectives. For a familiarization with some of the current progress in this field, the interested reader could refer to a recent publication by Boustany and Thakor [59] (and the references therein) as well as to some of the references included here [16-18]. 

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