On the Other Hand

There are literally dozens of places where you can get more media files to use as loops. The rest of this chapter is devoted to various sources for more loops, both commercial loops for sale and loops available for free on the Web. In all cases, you need to carefully read the license agreements to determine if you can use the loops legally in your own projects. In almost all cases, when you purchase loops from a loop library, you are also purchasing the rights to use these loops as well. This is often described as royalty-free, which means you can use them without paying additional royalties. It may be more difficult to assess the licensing and royalty situation of loops that are available for download from the Web. 

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On the other hand, this approach has a number of advantages. Many different design options can be considered at the same time. Also, the entire design procedure can be accommodated in a computer program capable of producing designs quickly and efficiently. 

But what is the correct choice a byproduct reaction calls for a continuous well-mixed reactor. On the other hand, the byproduct series reaction calls for a plug-flow reactor. It would seem that, given this situation, some level of mixing between a plug-flow and a continuous well-mixed reactor will give the best... 

On the other hand, if Ki is very small (Douglas has suggested a value less than 0.1) in Eq. (4.9), then... 

The temperature of the phase split is well above the critical temperatures of both hydrogen and methane, leading to large K values. On the other hand, the K values of the benzene, toluene, and diphenyl are very low, and hence the assumption of a sharp split in Example 4.2 was a good one. 

In the case of a liquid recycle, the cost of this pressure increase is usually small. Pumps usually have low capital and operating costs relative to other plant items. On the other hand, to increase the pressure of material in the vapor phase for recycle requires a compressor. Compressors tend to have a high capital cost and large power requirements giving higher operating costs. 

In a situation as shown in Fig. 6.12a, with the optimal AT in at the threshold, then there is no pinch. On the other hand, in a situation as shown in Fig. 6.126, with the optimum above the threshold value, there is a demand for both utilities, and there is a pinch. 

The output from the turbine might be superheated or partially condensed, as is the case in Fig. 6.32. If the exhaust steam is to be used for process heating, ideally it should be close to saturated conditions. If the exhaust steam is significantly superheated, it can be desuperheated by direct injection of boiler feedwater, which vaporizes and cools the steam. However, if saturated steam is fed to a steam main, with significant potential for heat losses from the main, then it is desirable to retain some superheat rather than desuperheat the steam to saturated conditions. If saturated steam is fed to the main, then heat losses will cause excessive condensation in the main, which is not desirable. On the other hand, if the exhaust steam from the turbine is partially condensed, the condensate is separated and the steam used for heating. 

On the other hand, if the hazard is toxicity, process alternatives can be compared by assessing the mass of toxic material that would enter the vapor phase on release from containment, weighting the components according to their lethal concentration. 

Inerts concentration. The reaction might be carried out in the presence of an inert material. This could be a solvent in a liquid-phase reaction or an inert gas in a gas-phase reaction. Figure 2.96 shows that if the reaction involves an increase in the number of moles, then adding inert material will increase equilibrium conversion. On the other hand, if the reaction involves a decrease in the number of moles, then inert concentration should be decreased (see Fig. 2.96). If there is no change in the number of moles during reaction, then inert material has no effect on equilibrium conversion. 

Alternative superstructures to those in Figs. 16.26 and 16.27 can be developed. On the one hand, it is desirable to include many structural options to ensure that all features which are candidates for an optimal solution have been included. On the other hand, including more and more structural features increases the computational load dramatically. Thus care should be taken not to include unnecessary features in the superstructure. 

Carbon 12, the most abundant naturally occurring isotope, has zero spin and thus cannot be studied by NMR. On the other hand, its isotope carbon 13 has an extra neutron and can be its low natural occurrence (1.1%) nevertheless makes the task somewhat difficult. Only pulsed NMR can be utilized. 

In a general manner, diesel engines, jet engines, and domestic or industrial burners operate with lean mixtures and their performance is relatively insensitive to the equivalence ratio. On the other hand, gasoline engines require a fuel-air ratio close to the stoichiometric. Indeed, a too-rich mixture leads to an excessive exhaust pollution from CO emissions and unburned hydrocarbons whereas a too-lean mixture produces unstable combustion (reduced driveability and misfiring). 

With regard to mass spectrometry, accuracy is not as high with an average error of 2.8 points, but on the other hand, the sample required is very small, being around 2 jl1. 

Regarding product characteristics, European specifications were established in 1992. They concern mainly the motor octane number (MON) that limits the olefin content and which should be higher than 89, and the vapor pressure, tied to the C3/C4 ratio which should be less than 1550 mbar at 40°C (ISO 4256). On the other hand, to ensure easy vehicle start-ups, a minimum vapor pressure for winter has been set which is different for each country and depends on climatic conditions. Four classes. A, B, C, and D, are thus defined in Europe with a minimum vapor pressure of 250 mbar, respectively, at -10°C (A), -5 C (B), 0°C (C) and -t-10°C (Z)). France has chosen class A. 

The specifications require a maximum Conradson Carbon of 0.35%. This limit is very easily met in fact the values obtained on commercial products rarely exceed 0.1%. On the other hand, for heavy fuels, the Conradson Carbon can often reach 5 to 10%, as we will show later. 

In a conventional gasoline containing hydrocarbons or even ethers, the presence of water is not a problem in fact, water is totally soluble up to about 50 ppm at ambient temperature. Beyond this value water separates without affecting the hydrocarbon phase and the water leg can be withdrawn if necessary. On the other hand, in the presence of alcohols (ethanol and especially methanol), trace amounts of water can cause a separation of two phases one is a mixture of water and alcohol, the other of hydrocarbons (Cox, 1979). 

After operating for several hours, a flow deviation is still observed that can be considered as acceptable because the automotive manufacturer has taken it into account during the development of the engine. On the other hand, a more pronounced trend such as that shown in Figure 5.18 would be unacceptable because it will affect the engine noise, driving comfort and pollutant emissions. 

The term bitumen is used in France to designate petroleum products, as in Great Britain and Germany. In the United States on the other hand, the equivalent material is designated by the expression asphalt-cement . In France, asphalt is a mastic, a mixture of bitumen and powdered minerals, poured in place. This mixture can be either natural or reconstituted by an industriai process. Asphait (French meaning) is utilized on roads, particularly in urban centers as well as for sidewalk surfacing. 

The viscosity of a paraffinic crude increases rapidly with decreasing temperature on the other hand, for the naphthenic crudes, the increase in viscosity is more gradual. 

Bioturbation, due to the burrowing action of organisms, may connect sand layers otherwise separated by clay laminae, thus enhancing vertical permeability. On the other hand, bioturbation may homogenise a layered reservoir resulting in an unproducible sandy shale. 

A knock out vessel may on the other hand be followed by a variety of dehydrating systems depending upon the space available and the characteristics of the mixture. On land a continuous dehydration tank such as a wash tank may be employed. In this type of vessel crude oil enters the tank via an inlet spreader and water droplets fall out of the oil as it rises to the top of the tank. Such devices can reduce the water content to less than 2%. 

The role that a host facility plays in an incremental development project can vary tremendously. At one extreme all production and processing support may be provided by the host (such as gas lift and water treatment). On the other hand, the host may just become a means of accessing an export pipeline (if a production and processing facility is installed on the new field). 

A fatal accident and some other disasters, which were caused by small cracks, lead to a more strict consideration of the security of these steam drums. Parallel to these the economical pressure, due to the globalisation of the today s industry, lead to the increase of the pressure and the rotation speed of the paper production machines for a higher output of the production, which means, that all safety aspects from the design and the material will be exploited totally. On the other hand cast iron is also not a ductile and comfortable material, like the most steels for the pressure equipment. 

It was pointed out, that the periodical inspection of the steam drums has been become an absolute must especially under the circumstance, that the economical pressure results in smaller wall thickness, higher steam pressure and higher rotation speed. The conventional periodical inspection (hydrotest and visual inside inspection) is on one hand time consuming and therefore expensive and on the other hand the results of the hydrotest are doubtful and can result in a seriously damage of the roundness and balance of the steam drum. 

On the other hand, some works (7) use the wavelets theory to analyze and segment the same images. In the future, we plan to develop these mathematics tools necessary for this work. 

On the other hand, one current upper limit of the frequency range of instruments is 4 MHz So, it is theoretically impossible to digitally demodulate a 4 MHz ET signal. 

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