Biomedical applications, potential

M.M. Reynolds, M.C. Frost, and M.E. Meyerhoff, Nitric oxide-releasing hydrophobic polymers preparation, characterization, and potential biomedical applications. Free Radical Biol. Med. 37, 926-936... 

Silk fibers or monolayers of silk proteins have a number of potential biomedical applications. Biocompatibility tests have been carried out with scaffolds of fibers or solubilized silk proteins from the silkworm Bombyx mori (for review see Ref. [38]). Some biocompatibility problems have been reported, but this was probably due to contamination with residual sericin. More recent studies with well-defined silkworm silk fibers and films suggest that the core fibroin fibers show in vivo and in vivo biocompatibility that is comparable to other biomaterials, such as polyactic acid and collagen. Altmann et al. [39] showed that a silk-fiber matrix obtained from properly processed natural silkworm fibers is a suitable material for the attachment, expansion and differentiation of adult human progenitor bone marrow stromal cells. Also, the direct inflammatory potential of silkworm silk was studied using an in vitro system [40]. The authors claimed that their silk fibers were mostly immunologically inert in short and long term culture with murine macrophage cells. 

Recently, our laboratory produced a foldable, bendable, and cutable postage-stamp-sized battery (Fig. 12.2). The device looks like a simple sheet of black paper, but it could spell a revolution in implantable battery technology (Pushparaj et al., 2007). The paper battery, a one-piece-integrated device is made of cellulose with CNT and lithium electrodes. The device is flexible, rechargeable, and has the ability to function over a wide range of temperatures giving it a wide variety of potential biomedical applications. As a biomaterial, this paper battery may be useful as a pacemaker because it could easily be inserted under a patient s skin. 

Microbial natural product chemistiy has generated a number of bioactive natural products. For instance cyclosporine A FK506 and rapamycin are used as immunosuppressants [16]. Other examples of microbial metabolites, having potential biomedical application include antihyperlipidemics, lovastatin and guggulsterone [17, 18]. The crude extracts of Mucor plumbeus exhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibition activity. Our detailed chromatographic work on this crude extract resulted in the isolation of mucoralactone A (11), a novel steroid containing a lactone moeity incorporated in its structure. 

Aliphatic polyesters have received great interest for potential biomedical application. Polythioesters (polyesters in which one of the oxygen atoms of the ester groups has been replaced by a sulfur atom) have received less attention, although these materials are expected to show interesting material properties such as higher... 

Pal, K., Banthia, A. K., Majumdar, D. K. (2006). Starch based hydrogel with potential biomedical application as artificial skin. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 9,23-29. 

Elvira, C., Mano, J. F., San Roman, J., Reis, R. L. (2002). Starch-based biodegradable hydrogels with potential biomedical applications as drug delivery systems. Biomaterials, 23(9), 1955-1966. 

Biomedical. Heart-valve parts are fabricated from pyrolytic carbon, which is compatible with living tissue. Such parts are produced by high temperature pyrolysis of gases such as methane. Other potential biomedical applications are dental implants and other prostheses where a seal between the implant and the living biological surface is essential. Plasma and arc-wire sprayed coatings are used on prosthetic devices, eg, hip implants, to achieve better bone/tissue attachments (see Prosthetic and biomedicaldevices). 

Electrochemical immunosensors using AuNPs tags, with potential biomedical applications... 

Lendlein, A., and R. Langer 2002. Biodegradable, elastic shape-memory polymers for potential biomedical applications. Science 296 1673-76. Supporting material www.sdencemag.orglcgj/content full/1066102/DC1. 

This paper summarizes chemical grafting techniques explored in this laboratory that have potential biomedical application. These reactions, initiated by ceric ions, persulfate-bisulfite redox systems, or the presence of comonomers forming donor-acceptor complexes, were carried out in an aqueous environment under conditions which, with suitable modifications, might be tolerated in vivo. Grafting onto tissue surfaces by means of ionizing radiation will not be discussed since techniques for avoiding undesirable side reactions have not yet been developed. 

Ankenbrand, T, and Neidlein, R., Syntheses of phosphonato-substimted azolo[l,2,4]triazines with potential biomedical application. Heterocycles, 51, 513, 1999. 

The chemistry of biflavonoids was discussed getting a cmrent image of their bioactivity confirming their potential biomedical application. 

Polyt2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Cp-HEMA) is a hydrophilic methacrylate polymer which was first prepared by Wichterle and Lim (.1). This polymer, and many other synthetic hydrogels, has been extensively examined for potential biomedical applications (2 ). Although many studies have focused on the physicochemical nature of these hydrogels, many questions remain unanswered. 

However, for most applications, practical use of chitosan has been limited by its physicochemical properties, in particular its low solubility above pH 6.5 and the pH-dependence of the ionic interactions in the formulations. Hence, chitosan derivatives have been recently developed to widen and improve the potential biomedical applications of chitosan. 

M., Ahmed, M., Rahman, M. F., and Ahmed, B. (2012). Preparation and characterization of artificial skin using chitosan and gelatin composites for potential biomedical application, 69,... 

Preparation and characterization of a Bacterial cellulose/Chitosan composite for potential biomedical application, 18,... 

P.N. Shah, S.T. Lopina, Y.H. Yun, Blends of novel 1-tyrosine-based polyurethanes and polyphosphate for potential biomedical applications, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 114 (2009) 3235-3247. 

Bacterial cellulose has a wide range of potential biomedical applications such as tissue engineered cartilage scaffolds [142, 143] wound dressing [144—148]... 

Self-assembly of block copolymers that are made of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, as the hydrophilic non-ionic block, has been extensively explored. The research interest in PEO-containing block copolymers was motivated, to a great extent, by potential biomedical applications, which rely on the finding that PEO moieties are biocompatible. Because amphiphilic block copolymers of PEO and poly(propylene oxide) PPO (pluronics) are produced on an industrial scale, research on these nonionic polymeric surfactants resulted in many technological applications. Both PPO and PEO are thermoresponsive, having a low solution critical temperature (LSCT),... 

Crescenzi V, Comelio L, Di Meo C, Nardecchia S and Lamanna R (2007), Novel hydrogels via click chemistry synthesis and potential biomedical applications . Biomacromolecules, 8, 1844-50. 

Wu, D. Q., Qiu, F., Wang, T., Jiang, X. J., Zhang, X. Z. Zhuo, R. X. (2009) Toward the development of partially biodegradable and injectable thermoresponsive hydrogels for potential biomedical applications. Acs Applied Materials Interfaces, 1, 319-111. 

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