The field of biomedical impedance applications

The number of electrochemistry-based biomedical devices for clinical applications, including various diagnostic tools, implants, and biosensors, has been steadily increasing since the 1960s. Many of these devices are fundamentally based on the application of AC frequency dielectric and impedance analysis to biological and clinical systems. 

In an aqueous solution, charge is carried between any two electrodes. The presence of particulate matter (such as blood or bacterial cells) physically obstructs the movement of these charge-carrying ions and thereby leads to higher impedance between the electrodes. Typical bacterial cells (-1000 cells/ ml) have a volume fraction of and consequently the corresponding 

Considering these mechanisms of interaction between an electrochemical device and a tissue, it is necessary to investigate overall tissue and tissue- 

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