Biomedical research applications

Transcription factor (activator protein) AP-1 is up-regulated. AP-1 is involved in the induction of genes encoding inflammatory responses, e.g., lL-1. 

MAT (myelin and lymphocyte) protein is up-regulated. This protein is involved in cell signaling and protein trafficking. 

Caspase-4 is down-regulafed and represents a potential block to activation of the apoptosis pathway. 

Cell adhesion protein (intercellular adhesion molecule) lCAM-1 is up-regulated. This protein plays a role in cell-cell adhesion and leukocyte migration. 

lL-8 is up-regulated. This chemokine is responsible for neutrophil activation. 

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Of all the fullerene forms, the nearly spherical properties of C o have attracted the greatest attention, especially in the field of bioconjugation. In addition to its physical properties, C o fullerenes have unique photo-optical and electro-chemical properties, which make them useful as carriers for biomedical research applications. For instance, upon exposure to light C o will generate singlet oxygen, which can be used in vivo to cleave biological molecules, particularly DNA and RNA. Studies indicate that irradiation of Cgo in solution can be used to destroy virus contamination (Kasermann and Kempf, 1997). Solutions of Buckminsterfullerene are a deep purple color, whereas other sizes of fullerenes display a variety of other colors. 

Restriction enzymes have become a key reagent for many biomedical research applications and their place in the future of biomedical research and clinical... 

Cotter, R.J., Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation and Applications in Biomedical Research, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1997. 

Wolf AP, Fowler JS. Positron emission tomography. Biomedical research and clinical application. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1995 5 87-101. 

In this chapter, we will discuss electrochemical sensors based on CNTs. First, the properties and structures of CNTs, the preparation and purification of CNTs, and the advantages of electrochemical sensors based on CNTs are described, then, the fabrication of electrochemical sensors based on CNTs, applications of electrochemical sensors based on CNTs, and the spectroscopic characterization of CNT sensors are described. In conclusion, we will look into some aspects of the future direction for CNT sensors in clinical and biomedical research. 

Biomedical research continues to broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlining both health and disease. Research undertaken since the 1950s has pinpointed a host of proteins produced naturally in the body that have obvious therapeutic applications. Examples include the interferons and interleukins (which regulate the immune response), growth factors, such as erythropoietin (EPO which stimulates red blood cell production), and neurotrophic factors (which regulate the development and maintenance of neural tissue). 

The chemical oxidation of 1,3,5-triarylformazans to tetrazolium salts was first accomplished in 1894 [127], Almost no attention was given to these compounds for about 50 years after their discovery. This situation began to alter markedly because of the application of tetrazolium salts in histochemical, pharmacological, and other biomedical research areas [128]. Specifically, the tetrazolium salt is reduced to a colored formazan derivative by reducing enzymes found only in metabolically active cells. Anodic transformation of for-mazans to tetrazolium salts was performed in acetonitrile solution using cotrolled potential electrolysis [17,129], In our view this reaction could be considered as a method of choice for the preparation of tetrazolium salts. The products were obtained in high yield and the electrolysis can be performed in a divided cell under constant current and decoloration of the solution indicates the end point of the reaction. Recently the anodic oxidation of formazans to tetrazolium salts was performed successfully in aqueous ethanol solution [130]. 

Handling such interwoven networks and complex feedback loops is beyond the capability of common laboratory methods, not to mention that just the complexity of scientific literature itself is already beyond measure. Help from computers and bioinformatics has become a must in today s biomedical research. In fact, bioinformatics methods have become indispensable for each step in biomedical research, from high-throughput data collection to clinical decision support. This chapter focuses on the application of bioinformatics methods in the study of pharmacogenomics, drug discovery, and systems biology. 

Some applications in biomedical research and clinical medicine. Chapter 7 of Ion-Selective Electrodes (ed. R. A. Durst), NBS Special Publication No. 317, Washington (1969). 

Proteases are used in many industrial areas as well as basic research. They are classified by their mechanism of catalysis. Proteases are used in the pharmacological, food and other consumer industries to convert raw materials into a final product or to alter properties of the raw material. In biomedical research, proteases are used to study the structure of other proteins and for nthesis of peptides. The choice of a protease for an application depends in part on its specificity for peptide bonds, activity and stability. Technical advances in protein engineering have enabled alteration of these properties and allowed proteases to be used more effectively. Some easily obtained proteases can be modified so that they can substitute for proteases whose supply is limited. 

In the following sections, we will look at representative applications of DNA microarrays in the biomedical research field. 

The synthesis of chemical libraries loaded with structural diversity is an emerging field with direct applications in biomedical research. Strategies for library synthesis have mainly focused on combinatorial synthesis of molecules that vary substituents with a core... 

Other scientists besides biomedical researchers have employed combinatorial chemistry. In 1995, X.-D. Xiang and Peter G. Schultz, then at the University of California, Berkeley, and their colleagues published a paper in Science describing a pioneering application of this technique in materials research. As described in A Combinatorial Approach to Materials Discovery, Schultz and his colleagues performed parallel synthesis—a lot of reactions at the same time—to make an ar-... 

NMR spectroscopy, commonly called magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in its in vivo application, is continuing to expand its reach in both biomedical research and clinical medicine. Currently, most in vivo MRS utilizes as a straightforward addition to MRI on a clinical scanner. The high sensitivity of permifs relatively small tissue volumes, on the order of 1-8 ml, to be probed in vivo in humans. With water suppression,... 

Pal, K., Banthia, A. K., Majumdar, D. K. (2006). Starch based hydrogel with potential biomedical application as artificial skin. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 9,23-29. 

Schal, C. and Smith, A. F. (1990). Neuroendocrine regulation of pheromone production in cockroaches. In Cockroaches as Models for Neurobiology Applications in Biomedical Research, eds. I. Huber, E. P. Masler and B. R. Rao, pp. 179-200. Boca Raton, EL CRC Press. 

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