Electron biomedical applications

Electro-osmosis generated flows are interesting for micro-electronics, biomedical diagnostic techniques, and a number of other applications. Important results related to heat transfer in such flows were obtained recently by Maynes and Webb... 

Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are attractive biopolymers that can be used for biomedical applications [175,176], nanostructure fabrication [177,178], computing [179,180], and materials for electron-conduction [181,182]. Immobilization of DNA and RNA in well-defined nanostructures would be one of the most unique subjects in current nanotechnology. Unfortunately, a silica surface cannot usually adsorb duplex DNA in aqueous solution due to the electrostatic repulsion between the silica surface and polyanionic DNA. However, Fujiwara et al. recently found that duplex DNA in protonated phosphoric acid form can adsorb on mesoporous silicates, even in low-salt aqueous solution [183]. The DNA adsorption behavior depended much on the pore size of the mesoporous silica. Plausible models of DNA accommodation in mesopore silica channels are depicted in Figure 4.20. Inclusion of duplex DNA in mesoporous silicates with larger pores, around 3.8 nm diameter, would be accompanied by the formation of four water monolayers on the silica surface of the mesoporous inner channel (Figure 4.20A), where sufficient quantities of Si—OH groups remained after solvent extraction of the template (not by calcination). 

A third type of detector, required for some environmental and biomedical applications, is the electron capture detector (ECD). This detector is especially useful for large halogenated hydrocarbon molecules since it is the only one that has an acceptable sensitivity for such molecules. Thus, it finds special utility in the analysis of halogenated pesticide residues found in environmental and biomedical samples. 

Liquid-crystalline media are important especially for technical and biomedical applications of electron-transfer reactions. Molecular electronic systems, photosynthetic processes, and some... 

Bailey E, Peal JA, Philbert M. 1988. Determination of 1,3-dinitrobenzene and its metabolites in rat blood by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Journal Chromatography Biomedical Applications 425 187-192. 

Biomaterials such as proteins/enzymes or DNA display highly selective catalytic and recognition properties. Au nanoparticles or nanorods show electronic, photonic and catalytic properties. The convergence of both types of materials gives rise to Au NP-biomolecule hybrids that represent a very active research area. The combination of properties leads to the appearance of biosensors due to the optical or electrical transduction of biological phenomena. Moreover, multifunctional Au NP-peptide hybrids can be used for targeting nuclear cells where genetic information is stored and could be useful for biomedical applications [146]. 

Traditional applications for laiices arc adhesives, binders for libers and paniculate matter, protective and decorative coatings, dipped goods, loam, paper coatings, hackings for carpet and upholstery, modifiers for bitumens and concrele. thread, and textile modifiers. More recent applications include biomedical applications as protein immobilizers, visual detectors in immunoassays, as release agents, in electronic applications as photoresists for circuit boards, in batteries, conductive paint, copy machines, and as key components in molecular electronic devices. 

For any vibrational mode, the relative intensities of Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering depend only on the temperature. Measurement of this ratio can be used for temperature measurement, although this application is not commonly encountered in pharmaceutical or biomedical applications. Raman scattering based on rotational transitions in the gas phase and low energy (near-infrared) electronic transitions in condensed phases can also be observed. These forms of Raman scattering are sometimes used by physical chemists. However, as a practical matter, to most scientists, Raman spectroscopy means and will continue to mean vibrational Raman spectroscopy. 

This book is intended for two audiences. The first includes those who are involved in sensor research who have polymer-related problems and need to find some potentially elegant remedies. The second audience includes polymer scientists who are looking for a challenging discipline in which to practice their arts. Many of the solutions already worked out for polymers used in electronics or biomedical applications may be adapted to polymers for sensors. As these scientists become more directly involved with sensor-related materials development, better solutions to problems may be realized. 

Specialty polymers achieve very high performance and find limited but critical use in aerospace composites, in electronic industries, as membranes for gas and liquid separations, as fire-retardant textile fabrics for firefighters and race-car drivers, and for biomedical applications (as sutures and surgical implants). The most important class of specialty plastics is polyimides. Other specialty polymers include polyetherimide, poly(amide-imide), polybismaleimides, ionic polymers, polyphosphazenes, poly(aryl ether ketones), polyarylates and related aromatic polyesters, and ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (Fig. 14.9). 

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